What Made Pericles an Outstanding Leader in Athens

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction Astute Leader and a Commander Courageous Leader Strong Oratory Skills Patriotism Self-trust Works Cited Introduction Pericles was an Athenian head during the Peloponnesian war; he was the pioneer answerable for the reproduction of Athens after the war. Pericles was murdered by plague, which slipped upon the city. Pericles was the General during the Peloponnesian war, and he was of the feeling that Athens ought to solidly stay in the war. He composed around 100 boats for that purpose.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on What Made Pericles an Outstanding Leader in Athens explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a few officers kicked the bucket from the war and from plague, the individuals of Athens started censuring Pericles for having constrained them to do battle, and they needed him to be considered liable for all the catastrophes and the setbacks that had occurred for them. Pericles additionally felt terrible about the circumstance, yet he was set up to handle the result. The extraordinary characteristics of Pericles were upheld during the burial service rhetoric discourse which he was approached to convey as an everyday practice and custom during memorial services; in Athens, talks were made as a method of regarding and applauding the left. During the internment of the individuals who had passed on during the Peloponnesian war, Pericles, the child of Xanthippus was picked to convey a discourse in their commendation, and it is in his discourse that a portion of the remarkable characteristics of Pericles were brought to front (Thucydides 35). Shrewd Leader and a Commander Pericles was a clever pioneer and an authority. In spite of the mishaps that had come to pass for his kin, he despite everything figured out how to persuade them that the course was supported and contended that it was to assist the entire state and city. He safeguarded himself by contending that he realized he was doing what was to be done, and he depicted himself one who cherished the city and couldn't be affected by cash or any type of pay off. From his words, he came out as a man of information in spite of his restricted force. His words and discourses delineated him as a legitimate pioneer. As a fearless and regarded General, Pericles gathered the get together of the city to impart into them some feeling of fearlessness and to revive their battling soul and to push new for a war with Sparta. As indicated by him, the opportunity of Athens must be purchased through war and work (Thucydides 44). He was unable to permit himself to be influenced by happiness or people’s requests yet rather he came out as an individual who guided the people.Advertising Looking for paper on old history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Courageous Leader Pericles likewise came out as a man who was happy to go to bat for peril in opposition to somebody wh o could flee from the threat. He exhibited this when he asked the individuals to be set up for all the catastrophes. Pericles was happy to battle so as to safeguard the nobility of Athens. He was a decent warrior. Regardless of him having been vanquished, he effectively persuaded the individuals that they had won. He wanted to suffer contempt and to be disliked as long as his eyes were centered around the objective. He considered disdain and disagreeability as brief and what made a difference was the wonder and the brightness of things to come that followed the achievement (Thucydides 60). He was considered as a person who was happy to experience languishing and difficulties over the advantage of the city. He exhibited fearlessness notwithstanding the foe because of his assurance to protect his local land. Pericles was one of those individuals who battled malicious with great and had the energy to battle and all the more so administration to the individuals of Athens regardless of t he threats and damage it could do to their private lives. Solid Oratory Skills The stylistic aptitudes of Pericles made him a remarkable pioneer; he had the fortitude to verbalize, the allure to lead and the capacity to persuade and control the populace. He exhibited this character when the individuals eagerly griped about their mishaps, and he gave them a discourse that revived their boldness, will and certainty to proceed with the war. The expressive aptitudes improved his enticing capacity, which was to a great extent because of his use of judiciousness, rationale and information. It is through his discourses and especially the one he gave at the course of the war that encouraged his ability to viably catch the brains of the individuals and permitted him to give reasons concerning why the war with Spartans was defended. He was an agitator and a blue-blood who had a compelling voice. Pericles exploited his solid understandable nature, his expressiveness and ideal talking aptitudes to accomplish support for his arrangements and goals. His graceful symbolism hushed each companion and front (Thucydides 34). Enthusiasm The enthusiastic character of Pericles made him a powerful pioneer in Athens. As per him, the arrangement or the foundation of the Athenian domain was a respectable obligation that the residents should be happy to forfeit for, regardless of whether it implied doing battle. For him, the magnificence of Athens was paramount.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on What Made Pericles an Outstanding Leader in Athens explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More His activities demonstrated that he was so committed to his city. In his memorial service address, Pericles upheld a few characteristics of the city of Athens, and he brought them carefully into the light. His discourse fixated on the rule that the Athenians ought to be eager to set their own requests aside and endeavor hard to support the city. This line of contention w as an away from of the enthusiastic idea of Pericles. He came out as a glad political envoy; on a few events, he worried on the soul of the individuals of Athens, in his contention that the destruction from the war was not envisioned and that the individuals of Athens ought not abandon their homes, he came out as a famous and regarded pioneer of the Athenian city. In his burial service discourse, he flung commends on the idea of Athenian assurance and the lifestyle of the Athenian individuals while simultaneously raising the spirits of the residents. His energy was exhibited unmistakably during the memorial service address discourse when he applauded the individuals of Athens, the city of Athens, the dead, the predominance of Athenian military preparing and the popularity based standards of the territory of Athens. Subsequently, his reiteration of the expression â€Å"the intensity of the city† in his discourse and the contentions that the insight of the pioneers of Athens an d the energy of its populace was what filled the intensity of the city meant that his solid enthusiasm for Athens and an intrigue to the residents of Athens to be enthusiastic to their city and to battle for the city (Thucydides 62). Self-trust Pericles likewise had trust in himself; he left achievement and disappointment in the possession of expectation and when the truth of war occurred to him, he despite everything confided in his fearlessness and endeavors. He thought of it as increasingly noteworthy to battle and to hazard passing and to keep up their situation than to give up and spare their lives. Pericles was setting out to such an extent that he didn't dread to confront the adversary that he mobilized different individuals of the city of Athens since he wanted for the enormity of the city that he had gone gaga for. He had a dislike for aloof individuals. He begged the individuals not to be furious with him, however rather he be allowed the chance to manage them away from th eir quick misery. He accepted that there was quality in the city in general and not in an individual and toward the end individuals started having faith in him since Athens rose successful during the war (Thucydides 65).Advertising Searching for article on antiquated history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Pericles was embarrassed about falling beneath his or a specific norm. He showed eagerness in battling for the city, and he gave the best commitment that he could provide for war. He relinquished his life to support the city and others of Athens. His outright self-acclaim nature established his extraordinary situation in the general public as an undisputed pioneer. His solid conviction that he was gave with better characteristics to lead the individuals of Athens assuaged him of a few grumbles from the individuals, his contention that he was unable to be accused of unfortunate behavior just by convincing the individuals to do battle drew out a feeling of his humility egotism. He simply needed the individuals of Athens to accept and to acknowledge the genuine condition they were in and guided them to follow his recommendation and go for war by proclaiming that he was better than expected in enthusiasm, information and work abilities. As indicated by him, it was these three characteris tics that made the Athenians to permit themselves to get convinced, and his choices and exhortation were irrefutable. His conduct of self-acclaim and that individuals ought not reprimand him for the choices that he was endowed to make was planned for inspiring some feeling of aggregate duty. Thusly, Pericles kept up some feeling of principled individual steadiness when he affirmed that he despite everything held his past sentiment, which couldn't be changed until his arrangements were made or achieved. In his contentions, he asked the residents to mirror individuals like him (Thucydides 64). Works Cited Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian war (book 2: 59-65). New York, NY: Penguin books, 1972. Print. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian war (book 2: 34-46). New York, NY: Penguin books, 1972. Print. This exposition on What Made Pericles an Outstanding Leader in Athens was composed and presented by client Greyson R. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose

Golobalisation and Transnationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Golobalisation and Transnationalism - Essay Example London and Great Britain, all in all, has been accepting huge hordes of transients over the most recent couple of years. This has added to an effect on the way of life and the language just as made the people aware of the racial and ethnic ramifications. Not simply individuals who have missed out in this war of globalization yet in addition bio-decent variety and society overall which has brought about enormous decay of social qualities. Globalization has cut down the quantity of assortments of cauli blossom, sugar beets, cabbage and other such non-half breed vegetables by 41% everywhere throughout the world (Seed Savers Exchange 1999). Out of 30,000 assortments of rice that existed on the planet, rice decent variety has been decreased to 50 assortments just (Ramprasad 2002). Comparable effect has occurred in creature breeds too. Out of 3831 assortments of trained steers, 618 assortments have gotten wiped out (Hall and Ruane 1993). Human race wouldn't like to raise monetarily poor assortments of cows or plants. The equivalent has occurred with humankind as well. Globalization has seriously abridged the assorted variety that existed in human public activity. This is additionally found in the London Social life since the way of life of the prevailing human species has over run the others. The general increment in the GDP of the world is fundamentally being contributed by remote ventures legitimately. The chart beneath shows the rising portion of the remote interest on the planet GDP (Martin Wolf 2004). This is immediate branch of globalization bringing about the development of the expectations for everyday comforts of the individuals over the world. The incorporated worldwide economy presently has in excess of 6 billion individuals over the world contrasted with 1.5 billion out of 1980 (Rischard J F 2002). Human rights has been broadened and the mix of the world finds numerous individuals relocating to more current areas including London and Great Britain. London's populace is required to flood by almost 700,000 individuals to arrive at the figure of 8.1 million by 2016 (Mayor of London 2002). The populace development has become a significant thought, however the development rate has descended. The diagram underneath shows the expansion from a 2.5 billion populace of the world in 1950 to 6.3 billion of every 2003. This has a solid impact in the ethnic blend of the world. Notwithstanding all these globalization economies taking the general public on its way, there are a huge number of developments that have taken up worldwide measurements because of the enormous scope organizing that is going on. Globalization and monetary foul play have consistently gone together. These are being battled about by various Civil Society Organizations (CSO) (John Clark 29 Apr 2003). The impact of these CSOs are turning out to be increasingly more articulated in the worldwide approach making and in settling questions between parties. While simultaneously, the quantity of ethnic vagrants into the nation, all the more especially, the London locale, is presenting issue for individuals who are taking care of it. This is emerging a direct result of the huge scope relocation occurring because of globalization (Michael Storper 30 May 2002). France has become a settler nation while the remainder of the Europe is additionally confronting the relocation issue. While the populace d evelop

15 Tips for Improving Bad Credit

15 Tips for Improving Bad Credit 15 Tips for Improving Bad Credit 15 Tips for Improving Bad CreditIf you have bad credit, or you know someone with bad credit, there’s no shame in it! The average American is given very little information about how their credit score works, so it isn’t surprising that many people have less than perfect credit. Unfortunately, that means your options for getting a loan will also be less than perfect, to put it mildly.That’s why it’s important to build your credit rating and we’ve got not one, not two, not three through fourteen, but fifteen tips for building your credit!1. Get a copy of your credit report.As we said, keeping up your credit score can be tough. So you definitely don’t want to suffer because of mistakes that other people made. Federal law requires the three major credit agencies to create a copy of your credit report that you can review. You can get that report through AnnualCreditReport.com, the only official government approved site for receiving your credit report. Check it for errors and c ontact the credit agencies if you need to dispute something. Don’t become the victim of someone else’s goof up.2. Make your payments on time!Is this obvious? Sure. But it’s also the most important way to maintain your credit score, so we couldn’t just leave it out! Howard Dvorkin (@HowardDvorkin), CPA and chairman of Debt.com, put it frankly: “There’s no secret to really improving your credit score. Since 65 percent of your score is determined by payment history and credit utilization (in English, how much available credit you’ve maxed out) all other tips are only going to help you in tiny blips. The first and best way to bulk up your credit score is to start making your payments on time.” Even just one late payment can affect your credit. And he’s not the only one who told us that! Greg Rable, CEO and founder of FactorTrust  (@FactorTrust), says, “It’s basic, but it’s critical to make loan payments on time. It demonstrates both the ability and willingness to pay your debts. This helps consumers get the credit they deserve and improve their credit scores based on their performance.” 3. Consider a secured credit card.Having bad credit can be a bit of a chicken and egg situation. A properly used credit card can be a good way to build your credit rating, but you need good credit to get approved for a credit card. A secured credit card might be the solution for you. You’ll have to put up some money as collateral, but it’s worth it to fix your credit. Once you have the card, you can buy all the chicken and eggs you can afford, as long as you make your payments on time.4. Dont put too much on that credit card.  OK, you know how we just said you should use your secured credit card to buy all the chicken and eggs you can afford? Well, we spoke too soon. Only use it for SOME of your chicken and eggs (and whatever else you’re buying….ketchup maybe?). Author and debt law expert Gerri Detweiler (@GerriDetweiler) sets the record straight: “If someone has low credit scores, the first thing I would tell them to look at is their balances on their revolving accounts such as credit cards. High balances mean high ‘debt usage,’ and that can affect their credit scores. It’s not the amount of the balances that matters as much as the balance in comparison to the credit limit. It’s generally a good idea to keep your balances below 20-25% of your available credit on each card. Also, keep in mind that most issuers report balances at the end of the billing cycle (when the amount you owe is calculated)â€"not after your payment is received.”5. Ask about credit reporting.  Wouldn’t it be nice to be rewarded for just doing the stuff you should be doing anyway? Well, in one narrow sense, you can be! You can try to have different service providers you pay bills to report your payments to the credit bureaus.It worked for Bradley Shaw (@ExpertBrad), a digital marketing expert at SEOExpertBrad.com. “Once I cleaned up my cre dit history, I started looking for ways to build it,” Shaw told us. “I did this by looking for credit lines that could have been included in my file, but weren’t. For example, I’ve had a cell phone in my name for 10 years, but those payments didn’t appear on my credit report. So I made a list of every company I paid monthly, contacted the companies, and asked them to report my payment history to the credit bureaus. Below are the types of companies that were willing to report on my behalf:Cell phone providerCable and internet providerUtility companyOf course, this only works if you’re making your payments on time, so once again make those payments on time6. Get a credit building installment loan.Taking out a personal installment loan that you can  afford to repay can actually improve your creditâ€"if that lender reports to the credit bureaus.These lenders will report your payments to the credit bureaus, so you can actually build your credit score and qualify for better ra tes the next time you need a loan. As long as you’re making your payments on time, that is. Have we been bringing that up too much? Maybe. But counterpoint: you have to make your payments on time.7.  Wait on larger purchases.Nationally recognized credit expert Jeanne Kelly (@Creditscoop) told us: “Having bad credit is expensive. Many times you need to focus on building a better credit score before committing to a large loan. Do your math, see how much the interest rate on a loan is costing you with different scores. See if it makes sense to purchase that new car, new home now or if it is wiser to take some time to work on building better credit.”8. Stay motivated!Paying super high-interest rates for a bad credit loan is not particularly fun, even if the lender is helping you build your credit. That’s why Kelly recommends you try to take that frustration and use it as an incentive to press on harder in your quest to build up your credit: “We know that we usually are not thi nking about our credit until we need it. So, sometimes we get stuck needing a new car loan with a lower score because we have no other option. If that is the case, then try to learn from that higher interest rate and work on focusing on your credit so you can maybe refinance that loan in a year. Don’t just take the higher rate and continue with poor credit habits, learn from it.” You can also learn more about setting and meeting financial goals in our OppU.9. Set up autopay and reminders.  Remember how important we said it was for you to make your payments on time? Well, one good way to do that is to set a reminder on your phone or similar device (a well-trained parrot, perhaps) to noisily let you know your bills are due. Even better, find out if you can set up an autopay system to automatically pay your bills on time. Or you could just read this article every day. Because this article has a lot of reminders about paying your bills on time.10. Pay off your debt!Do you have debts ? You’re going to want to pay those off as soon as you can. You probably know that. You’re a smart person. And if staying out of debt was easy, no one would be in it. But in the long run, you’ll be glad you got out of debt as soon as you could, and so will your credit report.11. Dont be afraid to ask for help!Paying off your debts and keeping up with your necessary payments can be difficult. No one likes asking friends or family for monetary help. But if they can help you build up your credit score now, you’ll be in a better position to help them down the line, if they ever need it. You’re better off asking for help sooner, when you have a bad credit score and manageable debt, then later, if things take a turn for the financial worse. You can learn more about fixing your credit in our blog The Journey to Turn Your Credit Around.12. Dont get sent to collections.  Look, we’ve already told you once or twice that it’s important to make your payments on time. But missing a payment entirely is even worse. That will lead to your balance being transferred to collections. And then things get bad. The collection agency will report your lack of payment to the credit bureaus and that will be a negative mark on your credit report. A negative mark that lasts for seven years. Yep. It’s like breaking a mirror over your credit report.12. Go for the soft credit checks!  Even applying for a loan can leave a negative impact on your credit score, if the lender performs what is known as a “hard credit check.” If you have to apply for a loan with bad credit, consider only applying to lenders who perform “soft credit checks.” These won’t impact your credit score, so you can find out if you qualify for the loan with less worries.14. Avoid payday lenders!  Theoretically, you can use payday loans in a responsible way. If you take out the loan and pay it back in full with all fees and interest in the very short payment time you’re allotted. But that’s a very risky prospect and if you don’t make that payment, you’ll be forced to pay to extend the loan. That’s a great way to get yourself trapped in a cycle of debt, and a cycle of debt is not a good look for your credit report.  15. Make your payments on time!  We’re serious!Its the best and easiest way to stay ahead of debt and keep your credit score moving in the right direction.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsGerri Detweiler’s passion is helping individuals cut through credit confusion. She’s written five books, including the free ebook  Debt Collection Answers: How to Use Debt Collection Laws to Protect Your Rights, and her latest, Finance Your Own Business. Her articles have been widely syndicated and she’s been interviewed in over 3000 news stories. She serves as Head of Market Education for Nav, the first and only site that shows small business owners their free business and personal credit scores and tools for building strong busi ness credit.Howard S. Dvorkin  is a  two-time author, personal finance expert, community service champion and Chairman of Debt.com. As  one of the most highly regarded debt and credit expert in the United States and has played an instrumental role in drafting both State and Federal Legislation.  Howard’s latest book “Power Up: Taking Charge of Your Financial Destiny” provides consumers with the detailed tools that they need to live debt free and regain their financial freedom. Howard has appeared as a finance expert on CBS Nightly News, ABC World News Tonight, The Early Show, Fox News, and CNN.Jeanne Kelly  is an author, speaker, and coach who educates people  to help them achieve a higher credit score and  understand credit reporting. #HealthyCredit is her motto.  As the founder of The Kelly Group in 2000 and the author of The 90-Day Credit Challenge, Jeanne Kelly is a nationally recognized authority on credit consulting and credit score improvement.Greg Rable  brings more th an 20 years of strategic development, management, and technology experience to FactorTrust, along with extensive experience in electronic payment, online commerce, and communications. Since founding FactorTrust, Greg has overseen rapid growth in the US and expansion of our services to both the UK and Canada.Bradley Shaw  is a Digital Marketing specialist for businesses that want to see their Google search rankings surge. Based in Dallas, TX he has more than 20 years experience in Online Marketing. Currently, he is the President of SEO Expert Brad Inc.

Learning A Whole New World Of Opportunities Up - 1251 Words

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Throughout Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman sought to attain the American Dream, but his distorted view of Marxist control ultimately provoked his physical, material, and mental destruction. Lowman, a middle-class salesman, husband, and father of two shared the ideology of many American’s, an ideology that hard work, dedication, and likeability was attainable regardless of social class, or life circumstances. Yet, the multiple distortions Willy associated with this dream combined with regressed emotions eventually led to his demise. It is easy for one to assume that mental illness is simply a disease, but the debate surrounding its correlation to social status and the unattainability of goals has never been so vividly†¦show more content†¦The false consciousness of the American Dream exacerbated his Marxist distortions, leaving Willy non-compos mentis and posing the question; Is Marxism real, and if so, does a socioeconomic class struggle give rise to multiple psychopathys within lower class individuals? The validity of Marxism varies across the classes; based on upbringing, social class and ethnicity opinions vary. Studies have been conducted in an attempt to examine the scheme of Marxism and its correlation to mental disorders and low socioeconomic class rank. The results are interesting, proving both Marxs and Millers critics erroneous. A cross-sectional study conducted through the Department of Psychology at the University of British Columbia revealed that lower social class rank is inversely related to mental health disorders (Faris Dunham, 1939; Hollingshead Redlich, 1958; OCampo, Salmon Burke, 2009). Another community study also found links between social class and mental illness siting, Examination of each type of psychotic disorder shows a true linkage between class position and the rate of treated cases in the population, but the relationship is indirect: The lower the class, the higher the rate (Hollingshead Redlich, 1757). Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and Antis ocial Personality Disorder were common psychiatric disorders found to correlate to middle or lower-class individuals such as Willy LowmanShow MoreRelatedEssay about Marxism and the Fall of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman2986 Words   |  12 PagesUnited States endured internal battles in political ideologies between capitalists and Marxists, which is the focus of Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman. According to Helge Normann Nilsen, author of â€Å"From Honors At Dawn to Death of a Salesman: Marxism and the Early Plays of Arthur Miller,† the Great Depression had a profound impact in forming the political identity of Arthur Miller: â€Å"The Great Depression created in him a lasting and traumatic impression of the devastating power of economicRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald1515 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing looking only at the past or present—instead of looking forward to the future. John Fitzgerald Kennedy once said, â€Å"Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.† In the play Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller, the protagonist Willy Loman is depicted as a man who has failed in life; he spent most of his life reminiscing the past. This affected his life greatly, especially his relationship with his son, Biff Loman. Nevertheless, in the novelRead MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Individual and Society in Modern Drama3272 Words   |  14 Pagesnonentity without rights outside the role of motherhood or marriage; In the 1930s and 40s, German-born writer Bertolt Brecht, produced a series of plays following ideologies common of Nihilist and later Marxist values; Following the second world war, Arthur Miller wrote to American audiences that individuals and their society are equally damning forces on one another. By following Ibsen, Brecht and Miller, three authors from three different countries, backgrounds and time frames, it is possible to witness

Explication of the Cogito Essay - 669 Words

Explication of the Cogito In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to prove the existence and reality of himself and things external to himself. In order to fulfill such a feat, Descartes decides to doubt all that he knows, for he knows not whether that can be relied upon. He doubts his knowledge for three main reasons. For one, he accounts that in dreams, many times he had thought that things external to himself were real. Also, he had heard people declare pain in limbs that they had lost long ago. After pondering these two experiences he declared, the chief and most common mistake which is to be found here consists in my judging that the ideas which are in me resemble, or conform to, things outside me (Descartes 16).†¦show more content†¦It is a subject-object relationship. In order to question something, there must be something to question, therefore a questionable object exists. And in order for there to be questioning, some thinking thing, i.e. Descartes, must be doing the questioning, therefore, he exists. Even if the Evil Genius is constantly deceiving him, that fact that he is being deceived means that he exists. For this reason, Descartes could not doubt that he was doubting, and thus was able to conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. (17). To completely prove his point to the skeptics he had to go further, for how could one realize that he/she is doubting? Descartes answers that this is possible through natural light- intuition. By establishing that he is a thing that, doubts, questions, thinks, affirms, denies, imagines, and perceives, through examples, he is able to prove how one could realize his/her doubting. Descartes gives us the example of the wax that is melted, and the people on the street with coats. If the wax melts, one still perceives such as wax because the wax is merely something extended, flexible, and changeable (21). On the street, one could see coats and hats, but one determines that one is seeing people. This, like the wax, is done through judgement alone, by the intellect alone. With this, Descartes posits that anShow MoreRelatedHegel s Concept Of Freedom2587 Words   |  11 Pagesindicates that his remarks on the section are cited. An N following a section number indicates the notes of Gans, Grisheim, and/or Hotho on the section are cited. 5 If thought and will are indeed as linked as Hegel claims, we might coin the maxim cogito ergo volo. I think therefore I will. Descartes, in fact strongly distinguishes between his faculty of thought and his faculty of willing. In the Fourth Meditation, he notes that his intellect is imperfect and that his will, his freedom of choiceRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pageswhich cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods; the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems[8]. In this period the crucial features of the philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentationRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 Pagesleaves the body. The narrator closes his poem with an assurance of his self-existence. A very important reasoning is given in the twelfth stanza, â€Å"I exist as I am, that is enough† (413). This is similar to Rene Descartes philosophical term, Cogito Ergo Sum- I think, therefore I am (Wiki). The poet is assured that his existence is not a deception because he is â€Å"I† or the one who thinks. Conclusively, the ideas and philosophical reasoning in the poem relates directly to transcendentalism

Public Health in Mumbai Economic Capital

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health in Mumbai for Economic Capital. Answer: Introduction: While Mumbai is said to be the economic capital of modern India the public health situation in this city is far from satisfactory. In fact in some areas it is atrocious. There are very few houses which have proper sanitation and the waste disposal method is not only archaic but also intolerable. Not only do people defecate in the open but most of the people pas urine at places which are placed in the shade and outside the lighted zones. This is a social problem which has been triggered by the existing social norms and is thousands of years old(India-briefing, 2013). This project is an attempt at reversing this trend and the paper will honestly explore all the pros and cons of the efforts that5 go into this project. Discussion: This project got started off by taking the help of the ruling party in providing volunteers and opinion leaders who were inculcated with the values that this project wanted to spread amongst the people of this very affluent city. Project: This project is for spreading the awareness amongst the people of Mumbai for maintaining a high level of concern for proper sanitation and fresh environment in the city suburbs. While one thing cannot be denied is that this problem is very rampant in the suburban city where the people from all over the country come to eke out an existence. These people are not used to proper sanitation facilities and this goes to the extent that they feel defecating in the open as is done in the remote villages is more hygienic than using a sanitary facility. The Kalyan-Dombivali area is where such problem is very prominent and people are still found to spread garbage and defecate in the open creating a very serious environmental hazard(Uatali, 2015). Project Title: To create awareness amongst the residents of Kalyan-Dombivali area for maintaining the environment cleans by use of dustbins and defecating only in the sanitized toilets. Target Populations: The primary target population is the opinion leaders of the various political parties operating in this area. The secondary targets are the local significant people whose opinion is valued by the people. Time Frame of the Project: November 2016 to April 2018 Estimated Budget: The estimated budget is $95,000 Brief Summary of the Project: The project is aimed at essentially to make the people of this area use the sanitary toilet facilities which will ensure a cleaner environment in this part of the city. To do this the opinion leaders have been located and the message is being circulated through them. Appendix: Strategies Key Activities Time frame for this activity Position involved Responsible Person Project leader to contact the opinion leaders in the area and impress upon them the basic idea The project manager to form working groups for each municipal ward of the Kalyan-Dombivali area and impress upon the opinion leaders about the importance of the project 02-11-2016 to 02-12-2016 Project manager Coordinator Work out methods for preventing people from defecating in public Convert all places of defecation into well lit zones and use such places for parking of vehicles 03-12-2016 to 03-02 2017 Opinion leaders Project manager Keep track of the number of violations Opinion leaders to get the number of violations innthe beginning and provide the number on weekly basis 03-01-17 to 03-03-17 Opinion Leaders Coordinators Check the trends The exact or the approximate number of public defecation to be noted and passed on to the project manager 04-04-2017 to 04-05-2017 Opinion Leaders Project manager Project Process Evaluation Table: Key evaluation questions Indicators of Success indicators Methods for measurement including details of data collection When the information will be collected Responsible person Whether less number of people are defecating in the open If less number of people are defecating in the open then the campaign is a success. Total number as reported and verified by the project member During the full day i.e. 24 hours Opinion leader jointly with project member. Impact Evaluation Table: Objectives Indicators of Success indicators Methods of Measurement and data collection When should data collection take place Responsible person Whether the number of people defecating in the public getting reduced The number of persons defecating or urinating in the public to be noted down Actual numbers to be noted down for each location Throughout the day Opinion Leaders It needs to be stated that the availability of water in the city of Mumbai is very restricted and using of a sanitary toilet may involve providing water in plenty which is a challenge from the authorities. Again the proximity of the public urinals is matter of grave concern. Public utilities are very rare and thus the use of sanitary toilets is a source of challenge Conclusion: The continuation of the dirt habits by a large section of population is due to a combination of various factors, cultural, economic and demographic. Thus to register a distinct improvement it will be necessary to first look at the infrastructure provided to the people. References: India-briefing. (2013, October 29). New Delhi Mumbai Comparison. Retrieved October 31, 2016, from India-briefing: https://www.india-briefing.com/news/delhi-mumbai-comparison-7076.html/ Uatali, S. (2015, June 12). The sustainability dream. Retrieved October 31, 2016, from Hotelierindia: https://www.hotelierindia.com/the-sustainability-dream/

Textile crafts Weaving Essay Example

Textile crafts: Weaving Essay The weaver produces the sousi garbi, khais, lungi (now negligible) farasi etc. The Sousi is a common wear of the women folk of Sindh and is available in beautiful colours and designs in cotton and silk.Sousis, garbis and motros are made in an endless variety of striped design, they are named according to the prevailing colours and the design or pattern of the stripes. The panjkani (five colours), sat rangi (seven colours) zanzer-ao (chain like) and tillai (match stick) are most common.AjrakFabric woven and patterned is tradition of a people, translating dreams born in swift rising desert sands, dyes of indigo and vermillion red, from lattice patterns on fabric through a process, laborious and painstaking. An art and a tradition, the cloth of the inhabitants of Sindh Ajrak aptly described by Noor Jehan Bilgrami. The Blocks used are a beautiful specimens of wood carving.It is a colour fast fabrics put to multifarious uses. Its making is lengthy, complex and highly technical art. In th e first place, the cloth is washed in solution of water and soak or the crushed berries of the lyre or Soda khaar, it is then steamed and stamped with wooden blocks. The die is dipped first in a solution the alizerin i.e. the red colouring matter, then in two other solutions for depth, the cloth with design printed on it is dipped sucessively in a solution of indigo boiled in a cauldron, dipped in a solution , dried and again dipped in indigo. Finally washed it becomes bright and pure Ajrak.Ralli, Patchi Work CappliqueIt means to mix, to join, to connect. It is basically a domestic craft mady by the women in leisure hours, made out of old as well as new cloth. This bright coloured cotton covering is an artistic elaboration of the patch work idea- a master piece of fascinating design and colour which takes the Sindhi women months to make. It is an instinctive artistry of patience and love. One marvels at the colour and design perceptions of the illiterate crafts women who painstaking ly produce it.The LungiThe Lungi is a beautiful specimen of rich silk with board fringes of gold and silver thread. It is regarded to have been popularised by the Mirs of Sindh who wore lungis around their waists. At one time twenty one different varieties in all kinds of material cotton, pure silk or their mixture and woollen lungis were in vogue. This craft is now on the decline and it is rare to find a good piece today. Lungi today is more popular in the Southern and Nor then India.Wood crafts:Lacquer WorkAlmost all the material for the Sindhi craftsmen comes directly or indirectly from mighty Indus. The wood from its bank is used for making wood carving, furniture and other stuff; it is also beautifully decorated with lacquer work, this craft is popularly known as Jandi. The Jandi craftsmen or lacquer workers practice their craft in smaller workshop and it is a flourishing cottage industry. It requires space to store wood, a lathe and little things that go with it ,slicing, chis els, sticks of coloured lac and strips of date palm. Two different techniques are adopted by Jandi craftsmen for motifs and designs.The Kashmore technique is basically inlay. The object after being coated with a fine powder, is polished and on the desired surface, the traditional floral motifs, medallions and panels are outlined with paint. These are then filled in with water colour and when dry, varnished with shellac. The painted object is finally turned on the lathe.Lacquer work of Hala and Khanot is referred as the traditional style, where the wood is first turned on a lathe operated by hand into the required shape. The article is then heated over a slow fire so that it takes the lacquer evenly. It is then put back on lathe and the lac prepared earlier by melting and mixing with dyes is pressed on to it as it revolves on its axis. The lac is of different colours, and the order in which it is to be laid on according to the design is the special knowledge of the turner. The articl e is finally polished off with date palm strips while it is still on lathe. The traditional lacquer swing bed called the pingoh, settee and chairs, vases and lamp stands are popular Jandi items.The art of wood carving developed in the Indus Valley from very early days. In constructing places of worship, palaces and houses, wood was the main material. Elaborated carving with extraordinary precision and accuracy is characteristic of wood work and is still visible at certain places in Sindh. Wood carved designs, floral and geometrical are done in architecture, furniture, doors, windows, panels, roofs etc.The stone carvers are also of the same family and use this technique on stone. Makli, Chaukundi and Shahpur Chakar bear witness to the excellence of this craft.Embroidery:A needle work art where the Sindhi women exceled for it has come to her through ages. The thin bronze needles from the excavation of Moen-jo-Daro are witness to this craft. In the local jargon it is called the Bhart-f illing in with ornamental needle work of a fabric in silk or cotton. It originated as needle craft by women for their personal adornment. The most picturesque of these decorative styles with different motifs is the Gaj, the Abochani, the Bokani, the Astan. They are amazing patterns of rich brilliant colours, gleaming with little round mirrors. Besides mirrors, beads and small shells are also used.ZardoziA specific type of embroidery with silver or golden thread on velvet or other kind of cloth is known as Zardozi, Persian origin gold stitching. Work done on Gota, Champa, Thapa, Kinara, Sindhi Jutti, Topee, Purses, decorative sheets are special features. The description of it is given in Shah Abdul Latifs Sur Maruee; As long as you can spin, spin on, work-season soon declines; All spinners are-but work of all is not in favour lines She neer breaks thread, nor for rest pines who has realized the truth Threads Maru round my wrists tied-gold fine gold they are for me; Omar, dont offer s ilks to rustic maid, they leave me cold Because much dearer I do hold my worn ancestral shawl.ToppeCaps originally intended for children are now made and worn by men, the embroidered cap is almost an article of national dress in Sindh.Pottery:Man must have first used clay to make objects for his needs and pleasure or as a pastime. No wonder, therefore that the markings on pottery or Moen-jo-Daro are easily amongst the earliest in the world. The potters art is the least changed; it is almost the same all over the world. In the developed countries it is now being practised on machines on a large scale with a better finish, but the hands that mould such forms on a small scale do so with prouder finesse. The potter in Sind prepares and kneads his clay dough and moulds it into desired shapes, dyes, prints and covers it with glaze. It is then baked in a gloat or a glazing oven.The first stage, preparation of the clay dough is no big matter. The clay in its naturals state becomes the dough , for finer work, it is mixed with roasted and finely powdered flint (called the chak mak); this is then knead by hand. The potters wheel, a disc which revolves horizontally driven by the hand and regulated by the foot, is made to spin, the clay is placed on the wheel and the potter moulds it gradually giving it the shape he desires. The next stage is when he dries it in the sun. The vessel is then painted with colours from oxides of copper, lead and iron. Stencils are used in tiles but not in pottery. The vessels are glazed with unctuous earth called Channioh, which imparts glaze and permanence to the colours in the potters kiln.No wonder the potters kiln has been eulogised by the great sufi poet of Sindh- Shah Abdul Latif BhitaiLearn loves test of skill,O my love, from the kilnThough it burneth by day and night,from within its hot heartNot a vapour doth startThe heart thats within to betrayTraditional floor covering and other items:KhaisThe Khais used as bed spread or coverlet in Sind, was very much a domestic industry. The yarn is spun by the women of the house who dye and arrange it in tanee or the long lines of thread that make the wrap. The man works the loom and weaves. Both cotton and silk thread is used and it has bright colours. They are reversible each side having a different colour pattern.Khatho (Wollen Blankets)FARSI The Khato is the common mans blanket, it is an emblem of dignified poverty. Blanket weavers are generally Koris and women of Khosa, Lashari, Mari and other Baloch tribes. The blankets or rugs are made of white wool woven in strips from 14 to 18 feet long and about 2 feet wide, the strips being afterwards cut in halves and stitched together. Bubak, small town in Dadu district was very famous for its Woollen carpets called Galicho its weavers were called Galicho bafsThe Sindhi Farasi (mat), is generally woven by women, in smaller sizes. It is commonly used as prayer mat and rug to sleep upon. They are woven with a shuttle in the ordina ry way, the only difficulty being the production of the pattern, which, although regular, occupies the whole of the fabric. These rugs are generally 6 feet long and 4 feet broad. A coarser sort of rug, called Kharir is also very common. This, like a sack is made chiefly of goats hair. Horses nose-bags Tobro acts as Boro and saddle bags Khurzin are also sometimes made of the same material and with the same comparatively elaborate pattern as Farasi. Tall is generally used as a pad to be strapped on horse back as a saddle or as a namdha underneath a saddle.In Thar, we have the Bhils, the Meghwars and Rehbaris who weave woollen fabrics. The Rehbari a shepherd tribe, is known for weaving Woollen cloths and wearing them in winter and summer.Leather work:The Sindhi tanner is a master in his craft. Using the mangrove and bubbur barks, and employing his own native recipes for curing, dyeing and oiling, he has perfected a fine technique for converting crude hide and skin into a soft pliable a nd durable leather. The woman embroiderer is no less an artist in making her designs and working them in colour. The Sochi or the Mochi, for that is how the leather craftsmen are termed, have the finest contribution. The horses Thadka is covered with designs beautifully worked in gold, silver and coloured thread. The Nuth crowning piece on the camels back is a large coloured carpet of leather with beautiful designs, in applique in the centre and the four corners.

Restrictive and Unrestrictive Use of Such As

Restrictive and Unrestrictive Use of Such As Restrictive and Unrestrictive Use of Such As Restrictive and Unrestrictive Use of Such As By Mark Nichol The phrase â€Å"such as† comes in handy for referring to specifics, but whether it begins a longer phrase framed by a pair of commas depends on whether that longer phrase is essential to the sentence or is provided as additional but nonessential information. The following sentences demonstrate erroneous use or omission of punctuation with the phrase; discussion and revision indicate correct usage. 1. In circumstances, such as these, are our strengths and weaknesses revealed. A pair of commas around â€Å"such as these† presumes that the phrase is optional, but â€Å"In circumstances are our strengths and weaknesses revealed,† though a valid statement, misses the point of the sentence, which is intended to relate the sentiment to a particular set of circumstances, so the phrase is essential and should not be set off: â€Å"In circumstances such as these are our strengths and weaknesses revealed.† 2. The use of the technology allows companies, such as World Wide Wickets, to transfer funds faster, cheaper, and in a trackable mechanism. Out of context, it may not be clear whether the parenthesis is necessary, but when one accepts the assumption that the company has already been mentioned, the phrase seems oddly intrusive when treated as an interjection, while its integral placement in the statement is natural: â€Å"The use of the technology allows companies such as World Wide Wickets to transfer funds faster, cheaper, and in a trackable mechanism.† 3. Specific employee information, such as Social Security numbers and I-9 forms for employment eligibility must be transferred in accordance with law. The examples given in this sentence are helpful but not essential, so the phrase beginning with â€Å"such as† and ending before the verb phrase â€Å"must be transferred† should be treated parenthetically. This sentence starts off correctly but neglects to close off the parenthesis with a second comma: â€Å"Specific employee information, such as Social Security numbers and I-9 forms for employment eligibility, must be transferred in accordance with law.† (The sentence is also correct without internal punctuation.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†The Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Book report. and jazz concerts. totally two different assignments Essay

Book report. and jazz concerts. totally two different assignments - Essay Example This is because some fans share a deep attachment to given musicians and songs to the point of irrationality. The author recognizes that such wildness is responsible for the hype that Jazz attains. The drama combines with the music to provide a relievable appeal to music lovers. The book intensively and extensively explores the origin of Jazz in relation to the term. The word, in itself, is essential in examining the beginning of the genre. This builds on the recognition that the term entails a significant cultural connotation. In turn, the term might have emanated from a given cultural group. This culture, hence, has informed the shaping and growth of Jazz. In addition, the culture has granted the genre inherent elements that remain unchanged as the music evolves. The book notes that there have been several scholarly attempts at defining the origin of the term and music. A huge part of scholarly work attributes its origins to Africa and Arabia (Crow 20). In other instances, linguist ic and music scholars have attributed the term to a word a French verb, jaser. This term means chattering. On the other hand, some historians attribute the word to fornication idioms that were prominently used in San Francisco and New Orleans. This seems to have been a major explanation for the leisurely take on Jazz. In this sense, the book accords an unfamiliar route in the analysis of music. It seeks to make the Jazz fans understand the origins of their consumption. The author recognizes that music lovers can only understand a genre if they associate with its origins. It is crucial for music lovers to experience past forms of music in understanding current compositions. In turn, they learn how a genre music has changed to accommodate shifting influences and expectations. Jazz, therefore, has an inherent perception that the fans take on the performances. In addition, the book entails vital discussion on the roles of teachers and students in shaping Jazz music. This part recognizes that Jazz has attracted a considerable attention from the scholarly world. The scholarly world, in this case, comprises the students and teachers who provide insights into how the culture should celebrate Jazz. Through teachers and students, the Jazz culture is passed down to subsequent generations. This is essential in the face of rapidly evolving cultures that help accelerate the displacement of traditional music genres such as Jazz. This book is critical for the current generation of music lovers who ought to understand the intricacies involved in the growth of a genre. The book informs that former Jazz musicians injected considerable genius in defining new dimensions of music (Gioia 43). In addition, it illuminates the idea that music production relies on involvement by a diverse number of individuals. Furthermore, it highlights that music has an emotional attachment that the scholarly works cannot ignore in discussing the genre. This relates to how Jazz music has helped shape communities. The clause, shaping communities, refers to Jazz’s influences on given economic, social, and political ideals. In addition, it refers to how Jazz music has acquired outside influences in its development. Concert The performance at the Glendale-Pasadena area revealed that music lovers have accorded an offhand approach in enjoying Jazz music. Jazz music, hence, has become a mere cultural

Production Of A Klashnikov Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Production Of A Klashnikov - Coursework Example The stock of the rifle in it is production is simply made out of wood, which is a non-strategic material, over time, AK-47, have been simplified through the use of spot welding, reducing the number of machined parts 2. One production method I would use to produce the riffle is Izhmash production method which produces around 95 units per hour which is an equal amount of over 1 million units per year. The process is rather cheap and cost effective both in the short run and long run. 3. The manufacturing methods used in mass production in comparison to those used in less developed regions is way very different, in mass production, the methods used are very advanced and fast to produce, new design are being tried and tested so as to improve the future designs while at the same time improve its accuracy and reliability. In less developed region, the manufacturing methods lack the new technology hand in it and thus are faced with the challenge of producing as many numbers as possible. For instance, in Russia the Izhevsk production method is the chief mass manufacture of the riffle, producing in mass numbers and has equally sold over 50 million units since its inception. Fackler M, L., Malinowski ,JA., Hoxie S,W., Jason, A. "Wounding Effects of the AK-47 Rifle Used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, Schoolyard Shooting of 17 January 1989". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 11 (3): 185–9. (1990).

Why Marriage Fail Essay Example for Free

Why Marriage Fail Essay Marriage is something very beautiful you get to enjoy the rest of your life with the person yo love and share lots of nice things together, however there are some negative things about getting married and most of them are lack of time, addiction, and money. Work, home, schedules, time spent apart and time spent together are equally important for maintaining a marriage. People that spend time alone without making an effort on spending quality time together puts a lot of stress on a marriage. In a magazine â€Å"Time Plus Marriage† they state that 65% of the couples that do not spend time with each other always have an excuse on why they can not for insistent they had to stay late for work or their friends invited them out. Most of the couples that get a divorce is because of addiction problem, drugs, alcohol, and gambling all affects marriage. The behavior of an addicted spouse make their life difficult to because they are only worried if he/she would come home safe. According to â€Å"New York Times† most of the accidents and death on the year 2010 has been because of drunk driving or drug uses from their spouse which leaves them traumatized. One of the major reasons why marriage fail is because of the communication about money. Everyone has financial issues concerning bills, dept, spending, and budgets. Majority of the human being has a problem splitting their expenses individually to make things easier on their end. Those issues can make or break a marriage. Understanding each other and following the simple steps you would have a long lasting marriage. What comes in between is time, addiction, and money majority of the couples do not know how to manage these specific things when married.

The Relationship of Freedom to the Acquisition, Possession, and Exercise of Virtue :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

ABSTRACT: There are three common objections that any broadly Aristotelian virtue theorist must face, insofar as he or she holds that acts must be performed from a firm and stable disposition in order to express virtue, and that virtue is in some way a praiseworthy fulfillment of human potential. Each of these objections accuses the virtuous person of not fully exercising his or her rationality and freedom, and thus of being somehow less than fully human. There are three common objections that any broadly Aristotelian virtue theorist must face, insofar as he or she holds that acts must be performed from a firm and stable disposition in order to be called acts expressing virtue, and that virtue is in some way a praiseworthy fulfillment of human potential. Each of these objections accuse the virtuous person of not fully exercising his or her rationality and freedom, and thus of being somehow less than fully human. The first objection is that acts flowing from the firm and stable disposition of virtue need not be expressions of rationality and freedom, since they may be performed by rote. The second objection, related to the first, has to do with the voluntariness of the possession of virtue. Those who hold that the virtues must be firm and stable dispositions generally hold that a good upbringing from childhood is of utmost importance in the acquisition of such dispositions. The second objection is thus as follows: if a person’s virtue depends upon her upbringing, then she is not responsible for her virtue; it was not up to her and she deserves no praise. The first objection, then, is that particular acts from a firm disposition of virtue are not fully rational or free; the second objection is that the acquisition of the dispositions themselves is not fully rational or free, since it depends upon upbringing. If neither the possession nor the exercise of virtue need be rational and free, then it seems that the activity of virtue is less than fully human, and thus cannot be the praiseworthy fulfillment of our human potential. The third objection, like the second, also has to do with the importance of one’s upbringing to the virtuous life, but is a bit more pointed. Those who present the third objection argue that the acquisition of virtue, inasmuch as it requires such a directive upbringing, itself constitutes a limitation of one’s freedom.

Explain the Formation of Stereotypes and Their Effect on Behavior (Guideline)

Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior (guideline) Introduction †¢What is a Stereotype? A stereotype is a widely held mental picture that represents an oversimplified, prejudiced, or uncritical judgment, which can be either a positive or negative generalization. †¢The explanation of stereotypes lies in the behaviors of socio-cultural groups and/or individuals, where they determine a certain ‘image’ of particular group. Many studies have been carried out to explain the formations of stereotypes, which include: Social-Cognitive Theory, Group Theory, and Social Representation Theory (Moscovici, 1973). However, I will be using Social-Cognitive Theory and studies done by Steele & Aronson (1995) and Hamilton & Gifford (1976) to support my explanation of the formation of stereotypes and their effects on behaviors. 1 Paragraph Social-Cognitive Theory suggests that, stereotype formation are based on the following reasoning: oOur social world i s very complex and presents us with an overabundance of information oSince our capacity to process information is limited there is a need to simplify our social world oOne of the ways in which we avoid information overload is social categorization oThe categories used in social categorization are stereotypes. †¢One source of stereotype is illusory correlations, which was claimed by Hamilton and Gifford (1976). Illusory correlation is when individuals assume a relationship between two variables, they tend to overestimate the degree of correlation – or see a correlation where none exists. †¢For example, â€Å"women† and â€Å"the ability to drive well†. It is believed that when we see these two variables we will conclude that â€Å"women cannot drive well†. Once the illusory correlation is made, the individuals tend to seek, notice and remember the information that supports the belief, which brings us to our second source of stereotypes, confirmation bias. Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for new information that confirms our ideas and overlook information that contradicts what we think. †¢By using confirmation bias we gather more evidence to support our illusory correlation. For example, when we have the illusory correlation that â€Å"women cannot drive well† then we will tend to find more bad female drivers while ignoring good female drivers (e. g. female race drivers). 2 paragraphs After, stereotypes are formed has a major effect on the behavior of the subject of the stereotype, which is called the stereotype threat. †¢Stereotype threat refers to the performance impairment that results when individuals asked to carry out some task and made aware of a negative stereotype held against them regarding their groups’ ability to perform well in a task. †¢Stereotype threat is cued by the mere recognition that a negative group stereotype could apply to you in the given situation. And even if the person may not believe the stereotype, he or she may experience a threat. †¢Steele, who is the person who first came up with the idea of stereotype, created an experiment with Aronson to demonstrate that stereotype threat can undermine intellectual performance. †¢Steele & Aronson (1995) used common stereotype that Black Americans are unintelligent and academically untalented to create the experiment and gave a test under two conditions. The test was said to be highly related to academic ability and that it was just a laboratory exercise. The findings were astonishing. When the task was described as ‘unimportant or when participants were not asked to record their ‘race’, the black and white students did equally well. However, when the test was said to be for ‘academic ability’ or when ‘race’ was recorded, clack students did less well. †¢Using his findings, Steele (1997) was able to conclude that spotlight anxi ety is responsible for stereotype threats because the emotional distress and pressure can undermine performance. 3 paragraphs Although many of the psychologists have confidence in their theories I can evaluate that investigating stereotypes is difficult because of the social desirability effect. Moreover, researchers are instead using implicit measures of prejudice such as the IAT (Implicit Association Test) which has its own array of problems. Conclusion †¢In conclusion stereotypes are formed by social categorization, which leads to the social-cognitive theory, whereas their effects of behaviors are affected by believing certain traits (illusionary correlation) and confirmation bias demonstrates that we can percept the traits to influence our behavior.

La diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9403 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? DIABETES INTRODUCCIÃÆ'â€Å"N: La diabetes es una enfermedad producida por una alteraciÃÆ' ³n en el metabolismo, esta alteraciÃÆ' ³n se debe a dos razones: El pÃÆ' ¡ncreas(en concreto el grupo de cÃÆ' ©lulas que forman los Islotes de Langerhans, las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ²) no produce insulina. El pÃÆ' ¡ncreas sÃÆ' ­ que produce insulina pero ÃÆ' ©sta no puede cumplir su funciÃÆ' ³n. Hay dos tipos de diabetes: la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 y la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, la primera razÃÆ' ³n da lugar a una diabetes de tipo 1 y la segunda razÃÆ' ³n da lugar a una diabetes de tipo 2. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "La diabetes" essay for you Create order En esta enfermedad, lo que observamos es una deficiencia de insulina; la insulina es una hormona imprescindible para la absorciÃÆ' ³n de glucosa por parte de la cÃÆ' ©lula asÃÆ' ­, cuando hay ausencia de esta hormona, la glucosa no puede entrar en la cÃÆ' ©lulas produciendo un aumento de glucosa en sangre; ademÃÆ' ¡s para todas las cÃÆ' ©lulas del organismo es necesaria la presencia de glucosa; en el caso de los diabÃÆ' ©ticos, no hay glucosa en las cÃÆ' ©lulas y tendrÃÆ' ¡n carencias de nutrientes entre otras consecuencias. La diabetes afecta al 5-10% de la poblaciÃÆ' ³n y por cada persona con la enfermedad detectada hay un caso no detectado. La probabilidad de tener esta enfermedad aumenta con el paso de los aÃÆ' ±os, asÃÆ' ­ como con la vida sedentaria y el sobrepeso, por ello se estima que aumente el nÃÆ' ºmero de diabÃÆ' ©ticos en las prÃÆ' ³ximas dÃÆ' ©cadas. ÃÆ'ËÅ" FUNCIONAMIENTO DE UN ORGANISMO SANO: Los alimentos estÃÆ' ¡n constituidos por nutrientes, los principales son: grasas, proteÃÆ' ­nas e hidratos de carbono, cada uno de estos es representado por cadenas segÃÆ' ºn la forma de sus eslabones, asÃÆ' ­ pueden ser redondos (hidratos de carbono), triangulares (grasas) o cuadrados (proteÃÆ' ­nas); los alimentos tambiÃÆ' ©n nos aporta agua, vitaminas y minerales (se encuentran como eslabones sueltos). Cuando ingerimos los alimentos se inicia la digestiÃÆ' ³n ( rotura de estas cadenas en cadenas mÃÆ' ¡s cortas), en el momento en que los alimentos estÃÆ' ¡n digeridos pasan al intestino donde estas cadenas cortas se separan dando lugar a eslabones sueltos; posteriormente se lleva a cabo la absorciÃÆ' ³n de los alimentos llegando al torrente sanguÃÆ' ­neo, en este momento el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas libera la insulina. Los hidratos de carbono cuando se descomponen dan lugar a molÃÆ' ©culas muy importantes, la glucosa. Todas las cÃÆ' ©lulas del organismo utilizan la glucosa como combustible, para ello es necesario que esta glucosa entre en las cÃÆ' ©lulas, y lo hace a travÃÆ' ©s de la insulina(hormona segregada por las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas). Este sistema debe de estar en buen funcionamiento para que todas las cÃÆ' ©lulas estÃÆ' ©n alimentadas y para que se mantengan correctos los niveles de glucosa en sangre, estos niveles deben de estar entre 60 y 100 mg/dl antes de comer y a 140 mg/dl despuÃÆ' ©s de comer ( mÃÆ' ¡s o menos). Para mantener estos niveles es necesario que la insulina segregada por el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas sea proporcional a la cantidad de hidratos de carbonos ingeridos, cuando hay una alteraciÃÆ' ³n de esta segregaciÃÆ' ³n aparece la diabetes. Hacemos cuatro comidas mÃÆ' ­nimas diarias, en estas comidas le aportamos glucosa al organismo y ÃÆ' ©ste consume la glucosa durante todo el dÃÆ' ­a; para que esto sea posible es necesario que parte de la glucosa ingerida sea almacenada en el hÃÆ' ­gado en forma de glucÃÆ' ³geno, asÃÆ' ­ en los momentos que no comemos o necesitamos mucha energÃÆ' ­a, la glucosa vuelve lentamente a la sangre y es utilizada de nuevo. Cuando comemos en exceso, los depÃÆ' ³sitos de glucÃÆ' ³geno se completan y el organismo es capaz de transformar la glucosa sobrante en grasa, la cual se acumula debajo de la piel produciendo un aumento de peso. Por ÃÆ' ºltimo, el organismo elimina las sustancias tÃÆ' ³xicas provenientes de la digestiÃÆ' ³n mediante la orina, para ello pasan por el riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n (ÃÆ' ³rgano que actÃÆ' ºa como filtro).La glucosa que viaja por la sangre llega al riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n, sin embargo ÃÆ' ©sta, al no ser una sustancia tÃÆ' ³xica el organismo no la elimina sino que la recoge y la devuelve a la sangre; esta capacidad es limitada. Cuando la concentraciÃÆ' ³n de glucosa en sangre supera 180 mg/dl el riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n no es capaz de retener la glucosa y empieza a ser expulsada mediante la orina, esto es lo que le ocurre a los diabÃÆ' ©ticos ( al no entrar la glucosa en la cÃÆ' ©lula aumenta su concentraciÃÆ' ³n en la sangre y al ser superior de 180 mg/dl se elimina por la orina sin ser utilizada). TIPOS DE DIABETES: o DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1: Este tipo de diabetes afecta a personas de todas las edades pero es mÃÆ' ¡s comÃÆ' ºn en personas jÃÆ' ³venes, se suele diagnosticar antes de los 30 aÃÆ' ±os; en este caso las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² pancreÃÆ' ¡ticas son destruidas por el propio organismo, por tanto no liberan insulina (enfermedad autoinmune). Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos de tipo 1 se inyectan insulina para controlar los niveles de glucosa en sangre. o DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2: Este tipo de diabetes abarca al 90% de las personas afectadas, es mÃÆ' ¡s frecuente en personas mayores, aunque tambiÃÆ' ©n se presenta en niÃÆ' ±os y adolescentes ademÃÆ' ¡s de personas con problemas de sobrepeso, se suele diagnosticar a partir de los 30 aÃÆ' ±os. En este caso las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² pancreÃÆ' ¡ticas sÃÆ' ­ que segregan insulina, incluso a veces en exceso pero no puede cumplir su funciÃÆ' ³n. La glucosa entra en las cÃÆ' ©lulas a travÃÆ' ©s de una interacciÃÆ' ³n entre la insulina y los receptores de insulina que se encuentran en las cÃÆ' ©lulas, en el diabÃÆ' ©tico de tipo 2 ÃÆ' ©stos estos receptores no funcionan por lo que la insulina no cumple su funciÃÆ' ³n (entrar en la cÃÆ' ©lula). El tratamiento para este tipo de diabÃÆ' ©ticos no serÃÆ' ­a inyectar insulina (pues ya tienen) sino que serÃÆ' ­a arreglar los receptores de insulina, esto se puede conseguir con una dieta y ejercicio, si el tratamiento va bien los niveles de glucosa en sangre se regulan y desaparece la diabetes. A veces, no es suficiente con una dieta y ejercicio sino que hay que tomar unos comprimidos llamados antidiabÃÆ' ©ticos orales. En este tipo de diabetes el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas segrega insulina, sin embargo ÃÆ' ©ste puede cansarse y dejar de producirla (hace un esfuerzo para nada, debido a que la insulina segregada no cumple su funciÃÆ' ³n) y la diabetes de tipo 2 se puede convertir en una diabetes de tipo 1. o OTROS TIPOS: Diabetes gestacional: tambiÃÆ' ©n se le conoce como la del embarazo; se suele dar en mujeres que antes del embarazo no tenÃÆ' ­an la enfermedad y ÃÆ' ©sta suele quitarse despuÃÆ' ©s del parto aunque con los aÃÆ' ±os ÃÆ' ©sta pueda aparecer de nuevo. Glucemia basal alterada: en este caso no podemos decir que la persona tenga diabetes pero sin embargo los niveles de glucosa en sangre son mayores que los de una persona normal aunque inferiores a una persona diabÃÆ' ©tica, normalmente con los aÃÆ' ±os se convierte en diabetes. Sucede en personas que en ayunas tienen valores de glucemia entre 110 y 125 mg/dl. Tolerancia alterada a la glucemia: es similar que la glucemia basal alterada pero ÃÆ' ©sta se detecta con la prueba de curva de glucemia tras tomar una sobrecarga de 75 gramos de glucosa; estas personas tienen unos niveles de glucosa mayores que una persona normal pero inferiores a los de una persona diabÃÆ' ©tica, tienen unos niveles entre 140-200 mg/dl. Diabetes secundarias: este tipo de diabetes aparecen como consecuencias de enfermedades del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas o del sistema endocrino. La mayorÃÆ' ­a de los casos se da por una destrucciÃÆ' ³n de las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² debido a repetidas inflamaciones del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas (pancreatitis); tambiÃÆ' ©n se da en casos de extirpaciÃÆ' ³n, que a partir de la intervenciÃÆ' ³n ya no tendrÃÆ' ¡ pÃÆ' ¡ncreas para la producciÃÆ' ³n de insulina. CLÃÆ'?NICA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS DE TIPO 1. Los sÃÆ' ­ntomas de la diabetes de tipo 1 son: Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos de tipo 1 no pueden producir insulina por tanto, la glucosa no puede entrar en la cÃÆ' ©lula y se irÃÆ' ¡ acumulando en la sangre, como consecuencia los niveles de glucosa en sangre irÃÆ' ¡n aumentando a: 140, 160, 200 mg/dl incluso a valores superiores. Cuando esta sangre llega al riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n, la glucosa en exceso se eliminarÃÆ' ¡ por la orina debido a que el lÃÆ' ­mite del riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n es 180 mg/dl, cuando la glucosa se elimina por la orina arrastra agua consigo por tanto la persona orinarÃÆ' ¡ mucho. Este primer sÃÆ' ­ntoma recibe el nombre poliuria. El segundo sÃÆ' ­ntoma de esta enfermedad es el deseo de beber agua, esto ocurre como consecuencia de orinar mucho porque se pierde mucha agua, recibe el nombre de polidipsia. El tercer sÃÆ' ­ntoma recibe el nombre de astenia, se produce un cansancio continuo como consecuencia de la ausencia de glucosa en las cÃÆ' ©lulas (las cÃÆ' ©lulas no tienen energÃÆ' ­a para funcionar correctamente). Otro sÃÆ' ­ntoma es la disminuciÃÆ' ³n de peso como consecuencia de la pÃÆ' ©rdida de glucosa por la orina; la mayorÃÆ' ­a de los hidratos de carbono que ingiere el diabÃÆ' ©tico no son utilizados por el organismo y se eliminan con la orina por lo que pierde peso (por cada gramo de glucosa quemado se producen 4 calorÃÆ' ­as) asÃÆ' ­, si esta persona pierde 100 gramos de glucosa al dÃÆ' ­a estÃÆ' ¡ perdiendo 400 calorÃÆ' ­as. En una dieta normal de 1600 calorÃÆ' ­as el diabÃÆ' ©tico solo se quedarÃÆ' ¡ con 1200 para evitar esto no basta con comer mÃÆ' ¡s pues la glucosa se seguirÃÆ' ¡ perdiendo. El paciente puede empezar a comer mucho debido a que este se encuentra insatisfecho por la ausencia de glucosa en sus cÃÆ' ©lulas, con esto se llega al ÃÆ' ºltimo y quinto sÃÆ' ­ntoma: la polifagia (aumento de apetito). Cuando el paciente empieza a controlarse, los sÃÆ' ­ntomas empiezan a desaparecer: Al inyectarse insulina, la glucosa puede entrar en las cÃÆ' ©lulas, asÃÆ' ­ los niveles de glucosa en sangre disminuirÃÆ' ¡n a valores normales (mÃÆ' ¡s o menos 140 mg/dl) y se deja de eliminar por la orina, por tanto con la inyecciÃÆ' ³n de insulina se consigue eliminar la poliuria y la polidipsia. El organismo al tener glucosa en las cÃÆ' ©lulas ya no siente tanta hambre y se eliminarÃÆ' ¡ la polifagia, ademÃÆ' ¡s ya no perderÃÆ' ¡ peso. TambiÃÆ' ©n al tener insulina en las cÃÆ' ©lulas musculares, estas se contraerÃÆ' ¡n bien y se eliminarÃÆ' ¡ la astenia (cansancio). Cuando un diabÃÆ' ©tico estÃÆ' ¡ bien controlado no tiene ningÃÆ' ºn sÃÆ' ­ntoma. DIAGNÃÆ'â€Å"STICO DE LA DIABETES: Para poder asegurar que una persona es diabÃÆ' ©tica es necesario hacer una prueba de glucosa por un anÃÆ' ¡lisis de sangre en ayunas, si esta prueba da entre 60-110 mg/dl se descarta la posibilidad de tener la enfermedad; sin embargo, si los niveles superan 126 mg/dl al hacer la prueba dos veces (para evitar equivocaciones), se puede decir que la persona tiene diabetes mellitus; otro mÃÆ' ©todo de diagnosticar esta enfermedad es por una curva de glucemia pero en casos claros de diabetes no se debe realizar debido a que los niveles de glucosa pueden subir hasta 400 mg/dl pudiendo ser peligroso. Hay ocasiones en que las personas van al mÃÆ' ©dico con los sÃÆ' ­ntomas de la diabetes, en estos casos basta con hacer la prueba de glucosa y no la curva de glucemia. TambiÃÆ' ©n hay casos en que la prueba de glucemia despuÃÆ' ©s de realizarla dos veces da valores superiores a 110 mg/dl pero inferiores a 126 mg/dl, en esta situaciÃÆ' ³n es necesario hacer la curva de glucemia, esta prueba consiste en ingerir 75 gramos de glucosa (en niÃÆ' ±os 1,75 gramos por kilo) en ayunas, tras esperar 120 minutos se realiza la prueba de glucosa y se pueden dar tres situaciones: Si la glucemia es inferior a 140 mg/dl la curva de glucemia es normal y el paciente no es diabÃÆ' ©tico. Si la glucemia es superior a 140 mg/dl la curva de glucemia no es normal y la persona presenta diabetes mellitus. Si la glucemia da valores superiores a 140 mg/dl pero inferiores a 200 mg/dl la persona manifiesta intolerancia a los hidratos de carbono. Esta prueba de glucemia es recomendable hacerla a personas mayores de 45 aÃÆ' ±os, asÃÆ' ­ tambiÃÆ' ©n a personas con problemas de obesidad, hipertensiÃÆ' ³n, alteraciÃÆ' ³n de los lÃÆ' ­pidos, antecedentes familiares debido a que por cada persona diabÃÆ' ©tica hay un caso no diagnosticado. TRATAMIENTO DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1: o DIETA: La alimentaciÃÆ' ³n es muy importante para los diabÃÆ' ©ticos, ÃÆ' ©sta ayuda a controlar y en algunos casos prevenir la enfermedad. La dieta equilibrada para un diabÃÆ' ©tico debe incluir entre un 50-55 % de hidratos de carbono, de un 15- 20 % en proteÃÆ' ­nas, 30 % de grasas de manera que 1/3 sean insaturadas, 1/3 sean monoinsaturadas y 1/3 sean poliinsaturadas, ademÃÆ' ¡s de 30 gramos de fibra. ALIMENTOS ADECUADOS PARA LA DIABETES: Alimentos con azÃÆ' ºcares que el organismo absorbe poco a poco, ÃÆ' ©stos alimentos ayudan a mantener los niveles de glucosa bajos y constantes, en este grupo cabe destacar las legumbres, los cereales integrales y las frutas ricas en fibras como es el caso de la pera y de la manzana; estas frutas son ricas en elementos antidiabÃÆ' ©ticos como son los minerales de magnesio y zinc y la fibra pectina, ÃÆ' ©stos ayudan a la producciÃÆ' ³n de insulina. AdemÃÆ' ¡s sus azÃÆ' ºcares se encuentran en forma de fructosa (muy asimilable). Alimentos que impiden la asimilaciÃÆ' ³n rÃÆ' ¡pida de azÃÆ' ºcares, son los alimentos ricos en fibras solubles que ayudan a la eliminaciÃÆ' ³n del colesterol y evitan que los azÃÆ' ºcares se absorban rÃÆ' ¡pidamente, este grupo corresponde con los carbohidratos complejos como la avena, la pasta (mejor la integral), la patata.. Alimentos que ayuden a la producciÃÆ' ³n de insulina, ÃÆ' ©stos son los alimentos ricos en minerales como el zinc (normalmente se encuentra en alimentos vegetales como en el apio), magnesio ( trigo, espinacas) y cromo (levadura de cerveza). Alimentos pobres en grasa y ricos en proteÃÆ' ­nas (generalmente hortalizas y verduras), disminuyen el colesterol y el peso con esto se consigue que los niveles de glucosa en sangre disminuyan, estos alimentos son las legumbres (vegetales proteicos), tofu, queso de soja, carnes magras como el pollo o el pavo, la leche y sus derivados. Alimentos ricos en omega3, estos ayudan a disminuir el colesterol en sangre y mejoran la circulaciÃÆ' ³n, son los pescados azules. ALIMENTOS NO ADECUADOS PARA LA DIABETES. Alimentos con azÃÆ' ºcares de rÃÆ' ¡pida absorciÃÆ' ³n, estos alimentos son aquellos que contienen azÃÆ' ºcares concentrados como los dulces, caramelos y algunos vegetales como las uvas. Estos alimentos deben ser ingeridos por los diabÃÆ' ©ticos en caso de hipoglucemia o bajadas de glucosa en sangre. Alimentos ricos en grasas de origen animal o vegetal saturadas, estos alimentos aumentan el colesterol y el peso, son las carnes grasas, la leche entera y sus derivados, los embutidos Alimentos ricos en sal, estos alimentos no son aconsejables debido a que los diabÃÆ' ©ticos tienen mayor posibilidad a tener enfermedades de hipertensiÃÆ' ³n, la sal aumenta la presiÃÆ' ³n arterial, por ello es recomendable que estas personas tengan una dieta baja en sal. Alcohol, este no es recomendable porque tiene grandes concentraciones de glucosa (corresponde a los alimentos con azÃÆ' ºcares de rÃÆ' ¡pida absorciÃÆ' ³n). ÃÆ'ËÅ" Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos con tratamientos de insulinas deben comer frecuentemente para que se mantengan constantes los niveles de glucosa en sangre. o EJERCICIO: El ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico es muy importante para los diabÃÆ' ©ticos, ÃÆ' ©ste forma parte de su tratamiento. El ejercicio ayuda a mejorar los niveles de glucosa en sangre, el peso y la calidad de vida a todas las edades. Los beneficios del ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico en los diabÃÆ' ©ticos son: Descenso de los niveles de glucemia en sangre antes y despuÃÆ' ©s del ejercicio. Ayuda al organismo a utilizar mejor la insulina, en algunos casos hace posible la reducciÃÆ' ³n del tratamiento (sensibilidad a la insulina). Reduce la presiÃÆ' ³n arterial disminuyendo la posibilidad de desarrollar hipertensiÃÆ' ³n a largo plazo. Mejora la circulaciÃÆ' ³n. Reduce el peso junto con una dieta equilibrada. Reduce los niveles de colesterol y grasas, produciÃÆ' ©ndose un aumento de colesterol HDL (colesterol bueno). Evita el estreÃÆ' ±imiento. Fortalece los huesos, tendones Evita el estrÃÆ' ©s y las tensiones. Los ejercicios mÃÆ' ¡s recomendables son los de intensidad moderada y continua correspondientes a los aerÃÆ' ³bicos como el ciclismo, andar, tenis, fÃÆ' ºtbol, esquÃÆ' ­ Para intentar controlar la diabetes con el ejercicio es muy importante: Tener en cuenta el momento del dÃÆ' ­a en que se realiza el ejercicio. Medir los valores de glucemia antes y despuÃÆ' ©s del ejercicio. Tener en cuenta el tipo, intensidad y duraciÃÆ' ³n del ejercicio que se realice. Tener en cuenta el tipo y dosis de insulina que se utiliza. AdemÃÆ' ¡s de beneficios, el ejercicio tambiÃÆ' ©n tiene una serie de riesgos: Hipoglucemias en personas tratadas con insulinas o antidiabÃÆ' ©ticos orales. Hiperglucemia, normalmente despuÃÆ' ©s de realizar un ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico muy fuerte o de larga duraciÃÆ' ³n y en personas no entrenadas. Complicaciones de corazÃÆ' ³n (alteraciÃÆ' ³n cardiaca). DaÃÆ' ±o en la vista (retinopatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica), normalmente en ejercicios que obligan a bajar la cabeza. Empeora el riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n daÃÆ' ±ado. Aumento de heridas en los pies o en mÃÆ' ºsculos y huesos, normalmente en personas con neuropatÃÆ' ­as. Cetoacidosis (acetona en la orina). ExcreciÃÆ' ³n de proteÃÆ' ­nas por la orina. Aumento de la temperatura corporal. Para evitar la hipoglucemia y la hiperglucemia, los diabÃÆ' ©ticos deben comer 1 o 2 horas antes de realizar el ejercicio para evitar que coincida con la mÃÆ' ¡xima concentraciÃÆ' ³n de insulina en sangre asÃÆ' ­, si el ejercicio es fuerte o se va a realizar mÃÆ' ¡s tiempo de lo normal es necesario tomar mÃÆ' ¡s alimento. Si el diabÃÆ' ©tico se inyecta insulina y va a realizar ejercicio fuerte y mÃÆ' ¡s tiempo de lo normal es necesario que reduzca un tercio su dosis de insulina (se debe inyectar lejos de los mÃÆ' ºsculos que se utilicen en el ejercicio) y tome suplementos de hidratos de carbono. CONTRAINDICACIONES: Si la persona no tiene controlado los niveles de glucosa en sangre debe evitar el ejercicio, pues se puede alterar mÃÆ' ¡s el metabolismo: Antes de realizar ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico debe estar controlado, posteriormente se puede realizar ejercicio de forma moderada y continuada. AdemÃÆ' ¡s los diabÃÆ' ©ticos no deben hacer ejercicio cuando: Los niveles de glucemia se encuentran por encima de 300 mg/dl. Existe cetonuria (acetona en la orina). Tienen dificultad o incapacidad para reconocer o tratar la hipoglucemia y la hiperglucemia. Hay condiciones climatolÃÆ' ³gicas adversas. Tienen retinopatÃÆ' ­as y/o neuropatÃÆ' ­as avanzadas. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Los pacientes deben saber cuÃÆ' ¡l es el efecto del ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico en su metabolismo de glucosa con el fin de crear un programa de entrenamiento para obtener beneficios y evitar riesgos. o INSULINA: Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos de tipo 1 deben inyectarse insulina pues sus cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² pancreÃÆ' ¡ticas no la segregan. El pÃÆ' ¡ncreas de una persona normal segrega continuamente esta hormona vertiÃÆ' ©ndose en la sangre, sin embargo en el momento en que come el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas aumenta la secreciÃÆ' ³n de insulina para mantener los niveles de glucosa en sangre constantes. En el caso de una persona diabÃÆ' ©tica esto no ocurre pues su pÃÆ' ¡ncreas no segrega insulina, lo ideal para ella serÃÆ' ­a mantener una pequeÃÆ' ±a cantidad de insulina todo el dÃÆ' ­a y en las horas de la comida inyectarse mÃÆ' ¡s cantidad para mantener los niveles de glucosa constantes. Hay varios tipos de insulina: Insulina rÃÆ' ¡pida, regular o normal. Este tipo de insulina es transparente y tiene una duraciÃÆ' ³n de cinco a siete horas. Empieza a tener efecto media hora despuÃÆ' ©s de inyectarla. Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos que utilicen este tipo de insulina deben inyectÃÆ' ¡rsela cuatro veces al dÃÆ' ­a para mantener los niveles de glucosa en sangre constantes. Insulina NPH: Este tipo de insulina se creÃÆ' ³ para que los diabÃÆ' ©ticos tuvieran que pincharse menos, surge de la mezcla de insulina rÃÆ' ¡pida con distintas sustancias para que el efecto fuera mÃÆ' ¡s prolongado. La primera sustancia a la que se uniÃÆ' ³ la insulina rÃÆ' ¡pida es a una proteÃÆ' ­na denominada protamina, ÃÆ' ©sta hace que la insulina se valla despegando poco a poco de la protamina haciendo que el efecto sea menos intenso pero mÃÆ' ¡s duradero. Este tipo de insulina empieza a tener efecto dos horas despuÃÆ' ©s de ser inyectada, va aumentando progresivamente y llega a su mÃÆ' ¡xima actividad entre las seis y doce horas despuÃÆ' ©s de ser inyectada. A las 16 deja de hacer efecto por lo que habrÃÆ' ­a que suministrarla de nuevo. Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos que utilicen este tipo de insulina deben inyectÃÆ' ¡rsela dos veces al dÃÆ' ­a. Insulina semilenta: Esta insulina surge de la mezcla de insulina con zinc (metal de color blanco) y da lugar a tres tipos: semilenta, lenta y ultralenta. SEMILENTA: Empieza su efecto a las dos horas de inyectarse, su mÃÆ' ¡xima actividad tiene lugar entre las 5 y 10 horas posteriores y dura de 12 a 16 horas. LENTA: Empieza su efecto a las dos horas de inyectarse, su mÃÆ' ¡xima actividad tiene lugar entre las 8 y 24 horas posteriores y dura de 24 a 48 horas. ULTRALENTA: Empieza su efecto a las cuatro horas de inyectarse, su mÃÆ' ¡xima actividad tiene lugar entre las 18 y 24 horas posteriores y dura de 32 a 36 horas. o AUTOCONTROL: Las medidas de autocontrol son aquellas modificaciones terapÃÆ' ©uticas y cambios en el estilo de vida para mejorar el control metabÃÆ' ³lico. El autoanÃÆ' ¡lisis es la mediciÃÆ' ³n del nivel de glucosa en sangre, de acetona en la orina o de glucosa en la orina por el propio paciente. El autoanÃÆ' ¡lisis debe hacerse por el paciente diariamente y sobre todo en casos donde la diabetes no estÃÆ' ¡ controlada, es obligatorio para los diabÃÆ' ©ticos de tipo 1. Los pacientes deben saber cÃÆ' ³mo afecta en su metabolismo el ejercicio, la dieta y la insulina para asÃÆ' ­, poder autocontrolarse. Glucosa en sangre: Este autoanÃÆ' ¡lisis se realiza mediante el glucÃÆ' ³metro o mediante las tiras reactivas de lectura visual. El glucÃÆ' ³metro mide la cifra exacta de glucemia en sangre mientras que las tiras miden una cifra aproximada. Estas mediciones se hacen antes de las comidas y dos horas despuÃÆ' ©s. Glucosa en orina: La glucosa empieza a eliminarse por la orina cuando supera 180 mg/dl. Si la glucosuria (glucosa en la orina) da positivo, el paciente sabe que ha tenido un valor superior a 180 mg/dl de glucosa en sangre pero no sabe el valor exacto. Este anÃÆ' ¡lisis se realiza mediante las tiras reactivas que cambian de color al tener mÃÆ' ¡s o menos glucosa en sangre. Acetona en la orina: La presencia de acetona en la orina (cetonuria) indica que la diabetes estÃÆ' ¡ descontrolada. La cetonuria aparece cuando los niveles de glucosa en sangre estÃÆ' ¡n muy altos pero no hay suficiente insulina para poder utilizarla. El organismo recurre a las grasas y al metabolizarla produce acetona, asÃÆ' ­ cuando se analiza la orina da positivo tanto la glucosa como la acetona (hiperglucemia). TambiÃÆ' ©n se da cetonuria en casos contrarios, es decir, en situaciones de hipoglucemia, en esta situaciÃÆ' ³n el organismo no tiene glucosa suficiente, por lo que empieza a consumir grasas y al metabolizarlas forma acetona, asÃÆ' ­ cuando se analiza la orina da positivo la acetona y negativo la glucosa (hipoglucemia). Este anÃÆ' ¡lisis se realiza mediante las tiras reactivas que al introducirlas en la orina cambian de color. Recientemente ha salido un nuevo aparato al mercado capaz de medir los niveles de acetona en sangre llamado Optium. o REGULARIDAD: Este apartado es muy importante para los niÃÆ' ±os y jÃÆ' ³venes pues es mÃÆ' ¡s difÃÆ' ­cil llevarlo a cabo. Una persona no diabÃÆ' ©tica puede seguir una vida irregular pues su organismo se lo permite, esta vida no es saludable pero el organismo tiene mecanismos para controlar las variaciones de comidas, ejercicio y descanso. Por ejemplo, si una persona un dÃÆ' ­a come mucho y no hace ejercicio el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas segrega justo la cantidad de insulina para mantener los niveles de glucosa constantes. Sin embargo, una persona diabÃÆ' ©tica no puede hacer una vida desordenada porque carece del sistema de regulaciÃÆ' ³n de glucosa y necesita inyectarse insulina, asÃÆ' ­ si no lleva una vida regular estarÃÆ' ¡ expuesto a sufrir situaciones de hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia. Por tanto, los diabÃÆ' ©ticos deben llevar la vida como una rutina (levantarse a la misma hora todos los dÃÆ' ­as, comer a la misma hora, hacer el mismo ejercicio con la misma intensidad). Cuando el diabÃÆ' ©tico bebe alcohol sufre hipoglucemia (bajada de azÃÆ' ºcar), esto se debe a que el alcohol impide que los eslabones de glucosa se suelten del glucÃÆ' ³geno que hay en el hÃÆ' ­gado para pasar a la sangre y el organismo se queda sin glucosa. Para evitar que esto suceda, no se debe beber alcohol pero si se ha bebido lo mejor es comer alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono complejos, en caso de que no se coma estos hidratos de carbono se llega a una hipoglucemia severa. Cuando el organismo termina con las reservas de glucosa y glucÃÆ' ³geno y la persona sigue sin tomar alimento, el hÃÆ' ­gado es capaz de fabricar glucosa a partir de proteÃÆ' ­nas y grasas mediante el proceso de gluconeogÃÆ' ©nesis. El alcohol impide la gluconeogÃÆ' ©nesis. CLITERIOS DEL BUEN CONTROL METABÃÆ'â€Å"LICO. Los diabÃÆ' ©ticos deben tener siempre los niveles de glucosa en sangre controlados tanto en ayunas como despuÃÆ' ©s de comer. Los valores normales de glucemia estÃÆ' ¡n entre 60 mg/dl y 100 mg/dl en ayunas, y en 140 mg/dl dos horas despuÃÆ' ©s de comer, cuanto mÃÆ' ¡s se acerquen a estos valores mÃÆ' ¡s controlada estÃÆ' ¡ la diabetes. Un buen control metabÃÆ' ³lico de la diabetes reduce el riesgo a tener enfermedades, asÃÆ' ­ se ha demostrado que personas que llevaban una vida irregular con un mal control metabÃÆ' ³lico, al mejorar su control han disminuido las complicaciones de las enfermedades. Por tanto, nunca es tarde para mejorar el control metabÃÆ' ³lico. Actualmente para medir el control metabÃÆ' ³lico ademÃÆ' ¡s del control de glucemias se utilizan dos parÃÆ' ¡metros: la hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb A1c) y la frutosamina. El control de glucemia en sangre permite saber el nivel de glucosa que se tiene en un determinado momento, la hemoglobina glicosilada indica los valores de glucosa durante las seis u ocho semanas anteriores a la prueba, y la frutosamina indica los niveles de glucosa durante las dos o tres semanas anteriores a la prueba, es decir con estos parÃÆ' ¡metros se puede saber si la persona lleva una vida irregular con un control metabÃÆ' ³lico descontrolado o no. La glucosa circula por la sangre en forma de eslabones libres hasta que entran en el interior de las cÃÆ' ©lulas, sin embargo no toda la glucosa viaja asÃÆ' ­, tambiÃÆ' ©n circulan unidas a proteÃÆ' ­nas que van por la sangre formando uniones de glucosa-proteÃÆ' ­nas, proteÃÆ' ­nas glicosiladas. Por la sangre tambiÃÆ' ©n circulan los hematÃÆ' ­es (glÃÆ' ³bulos rojos) que estÃÆ' ¡n compuestos de una proteÃÆ' ­na denominada hemoglobina. La misiÃÆ' ³n de la hemoglobina es transportar oxÃÆ' ­geno en la sangre hasta las cÃÆ' ©lulas y como proteÃÆ' ­na que es tambiÃÆ' ©n se le une la glucosa formando uniones de glucosa-proteÃÆ' ­na, en este caso es hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb A1c). Se consideran valores normales los que estÃÆ' ¡n entre un 4.5 y un 6% de hemoglobina glicosilada de toda la hemoglobina que circula por el organismo. La fructosamina es un complejo de glucosa-proteÃÆ' ­na, en este caso son la albÃÆ' ºmina, la globulina y otras proteÃÆ' ­nas las que se unen a la glucosa. Los valores normales de la fructosamina son de 1.8 a 2.8 mmol/l. Si los niveles de glucosa en sangre estÃÆ' ¡n mÃÆ' ¡s alto de lo normal, la cantidad de glucosa que se una a las proteÃÆ' ­nas serÃÆ' ¡ mayor. Por un lado se unirÃÆ' ¡n a la hemoglobina y aumentarÃÆ' ¡n los niveles de hemoglobina glicosiladas (mÃÆ' ¡s del 6%) y, por otro lado se unirÃÆ' ¡n al resto de proteÃÆ' ­nas aumentando los valores de fructosamina (mÃÆ' ¡s de 2.8 mmol/l). Los pacientes deben tener los niveles de glucosa similares a los valores normales pero intentando no llegar a una hipoglucemia. Los criterios del buen control metabÃÆ' ³lico se pueden resumir en: Glucemias basales (niveles de glucosa en ayunas) inferiores de 120 mg/dl. Glucemias posprandiales (niveles de glucosa dos horas despuÃÆ' ©s de comer) inferiores a 180 mg/dl. Evitar hipoglucemias. Hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb A1c) inferior al 7%. Fructosamina inferior a 2.8 mmol/l. COMPLICACIONES AGUDAS Y CRÃÆ'â€Å"NICAS DE LA DIABETES TIPO 1. Las complicaciones agudas que pueden presentar los pacientes diabÃÆ' ©ticos son: hipoglucemias, hiperglucemias y cetoacidosis diabÃÆ' ©tica. Hipoglucemia: Una situaciÃÆ' ³n de hipoglucemia se presenta cuando los niveles de glucosa en sangre se encuentran por debajo de 60 mg/dl. Cuando ocurre esto, el organismo comienza a tener temblores, palpitaciones, sudor frÃÆ' ­o pero si el paciente come esta sintomatologÃÆ' ­a desaparece poco a poco y el organismo empezarÃÆ' ¡ a encontrarse bien. Otro caso serÃÆ' ­a que el paciente diabÃÆ' ©tico empezara a notar que sus niveles de glucosa en sangre bajaran porque notara temblores, palpitaciones, sudores frÃÆ' ­os pero, sin embargo no comiera en seguida , asÃÆ' ­ cuando los niveles de glucosa en sangre sean inferiores a 40 mg/dl ya no le llegarÃÆ' ­a suficiente cantidad al cerebro y empezarÃÆ' ­a a sentir dolor de cabeza, confusiÃÆ' ³n, mareo e incluso podrÃÆ' ­a perder el conocimiento. Hay casos en que los niveles de glucosa bajan tan rÃÆ' ¡pidos que los pacientes no notan ningÃÆ' ºn sÃÆ' ­ntoma y pierden el conocimiento de inmediato, este ÃÆ' ºltimo caso no es muy frecuente pero se deben conocer los motivos para tomar las precauciones oportunas para evitarlo. Se puede afirmar que la respuesta defectuosa a la hipoglucemia viene inducida por una hipoglucemia previa. Esta teorÃÆ' ­a se ha comprobado en personas no diabÃÆ' ©ticas en que un dÃÆ' ­a se le ha provocado una hipoglucemia y al dÃÆ' ­a siguiente sus respuestas de nueva hipoglucemia estaban alteradas, de igual manera que los pacientes diabÃÆ' ©ticos que no perciben las hipoglucemias. TambiÃÆ' ©n se ha comprobado que cuanto mayor es el nÃÆ' ºmero de hipoglucemias mayor es el riesgo de no percibir los sÃÆ' ­ntomas. AsÃÆ' ­, la capacidad de recuperar los sÃÆ' ­ntomas de hipoglucemia serÃÆ' ­a evitar hipoglucemias con un buen control de la diabetes. Cuando un paciente diabÃÆ' ©tico nota los sÃÆ' ­ntomas de hipoglucemia lo primero que debe de hacer es comer, en primer lugar debe comer un azÃÆ' ºcar sencillo o un hidrato de carbono simple cuya absorciÃÆ' ³n es rÃÆ' ¡pida, cuando se encuentre un poco mejor debe comer un hidrato de carbono complejo cuya absorciÃÆ' ³n es mÃÆ' ¡s lenta pero mantienen durante mÃÆ' ¡s tiempo los niveles de glucosa. Posteriormente se deben analizar las causas por las que se ha producido la hipoglucemia. Las situaciones que pueden dar una hipoglucemia son varias: Que se ingiera una cantidad de hidratos de carbono menor a la necesaria. Que se realice una cantidad de ejercicio inusual o superior al programado. Que la insulina se inyecte en una zona que inmediatamente a sido ejercitada porque asÃÆ' ­ la insulina se absorbe mÃÆ' ¡s rÃÆ' ¡pido dando lugar a una hipoglucemia. Que la insulina se halla inyectado demasiado profunda, es decir que se halla inyectado en vez de en una zona subcutÃÆ' ¡nea en una zona de mÃÆ' ºsculo, dÃÆ' ³nde la absorciÃÆ' ³n de insulina es mucho mÃÆ' ¡s rÃÆ' ¡pida. Que por error se halla inyectado una mayor cantidad de insulina. Que simultÃÆ' ¡neamente se tome alcohol o medicamentos que faciliten la apariciÃÆ' ³n de hipoglucemias. Una vez analizados los motivos de la hipoglucemia el paciente debe de tomar las medidas oportunas para que esto no vuelva a ocurrir. Normas que se deben seguir ante un paciente diabÃÆ' ©tico que ha perdido el conocimiento por hipoglucemia: o No administrar ningÃÆ' ºn alimento por la boca debido a que se puede producir asfixia. o Inyectar una ampolla de glucagÃÆ' ³n, una hormona cuyo efecto es totalmente contrario al de la insulina, decir, tras su inyecciÃÆ' ³n sube inmediatamente los niveles de glucosa en sangre y lo hace liberando las molÃÆ' ©culas de glucosa contenidas en el glucÃÆ' ³geno hepÃÆ' ¡tico, que pasan de inmediato al torrente sanguÃÆ' ­neo. o Cuando el paciente recupere la conciencia ya se le puede administrar alimento por la boca.  · Hiperglucemia: Si el paciente diabÃÆ' ©tico se hace un control de glucosa en sangre y tiene una glucemia mayor de 400 mg/dl pero no se encuentra mal, debe ponerse 6 unidades de insulina rÃÆ' ¡pida intramuscular, que disminuirÃÆ' ¡ la glucosa en sangre en a 100 mg/dl al cabo de una hora aproximadamente. Otras medidas que debe de adoptar es no comer e hidratarse poco a poco. Cetoacetosis diabÃÆ' ©tica: El cuerpo humano actÃÆ' ºa como un motor que puede quemar dos tipos de combustibles: uno que es la glucosa, y asÃÆ' ­ es como funciona correctamente, y otro que es la grasa. Cuando en vez de quemar azÃÆ' ºcar que es lo normal quema grasas, el organismo funciona peor y produce una sustancia: la acetona que se elimina por la orina y tiene un olor especial. Siempre que se que grasa se producirÃÆ' ¡ acetona. Si una persona con diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 tiene su enfermedad controlada y su organismo quema glucosa no produce acetona. Varios casos: Si un paciente diabÃÆ' ©tico come pocos hidratos de carbonos y los quema haciendo ejercicio, la glucosa se gasta por lo tanto el organismo deberÃÆ' ¡ quemar grasas, produciÃÆ' ©ndose acetona. En este caso cuando el paciente se haga un anÃÆ' ¡lisis de orina darÃÆ' ¡ los siguientes resultados: Glucosa en orina: negativa porque se le ha gastado. Acetona en orina: positiva porque el organismo quema grasas en lugar de glucosa. El tratamiento para estos pacientes serÃÆ' ­a aumentara su ingesta de alimento. Si un paciente se pone menos insulina de la que necesita porque come mucho, porque hace poco ejercicio o porque el efecto de la insulina no es bueno, al hacerse una analÃÆ' ­tica aparecerÃÆ' ¡: Glucosa en orina: positiva, incluso valores altos, hay glucosa en sangre pero no entra en las cÃÆ' ©lulas porque hay una insuficiencia de insulina. Acetona en orina: Positiva, al no entrar la glucosa en las cÃÆ' ©lulas el organismo quema grasas produciendo acetona. El tratamiento para estos pacientes serÃÆ' ­a aumentar la dosis de insulina para que la glucosa entre en las cÃÆ' ©lulas. Si un paciente tiene glucosa en la orina pero no acetona, no tiene acetona porque el organismo no estÃÆ' ¡ quemando grasas y tiene glucosa en sangre porque sus niveles superan 180 mg/dl. Sus cÃÆ' ©lulas tienen glucosa porque al haber insulina entra al interior, si esto no fuera asÃÆ' ­ el organismo quemarÃÆ' ­a grasas produciendo acetona. El tratamiento para estos pacientes serÃÆ' ­a incrementar la insulina y el ejercicio o reducir la comida. Cuando la acetona es muy alta se producen dolores abdominales y vÃÆ' ³mitos aumentando la deshidrataciÃÆ' ³n. CAUSAS DE LA CETOACIDOSIS DIABÃÆ'†°TICA: Porque no sepa que es diabÃÆ' ©tico: es frecuente en el caso de los niÃÆ' ±os pequeÃÆ' ±os cuando tienen los sÃÆ' ­ntomas pero no lo saben cÃÆ' ³mo serÃÆ' ­an los vÃÆ' ³mitos, beber mucha agua, estar cansado y perder peso, si van al mÃÆ' ©dico le hacen un anÃÆ' ¡lisis y diagnostican la enfermedad. Porque no hace caso de su tratamiento: por ejemplo, come en exceso para la insulina que se inyecta, asÃÆ' ­ la enfermedad se descontrola, no tiene glucosa en sangre y el organismo empieza a quemar grasas produciendo acetona. Porque se cansa de pincharse insulina: si un paciente no se inyecta la dosis de insulina que necesita, la glucosa no entrarÃÆ' ¡ en las cÃÆ' ©lulas y se quema grasas produciendo acetona. Porque reduce la dosis de insulina: Hay pacientes que pierden el apetito y piensan que deben inyectarse menos insulina que de costumbre, pero esto no es asÃÆ' ­, si no se inyectan insulina, la glucosa no entra en la cÃÆ' ©lulas quemando grasas y produciendo acetona. Porque tienen una infecciÃÆ' ³n: Cualquier infecciÃÆ' ³n puede descomponer la diabetes e incluso producir cetoacetosis, la insulina no actÃÆ' ºa correctamente y es necesaria una mayor cantidad para conseguir el mismo efecto. Siempre que un diabÃÆ' ©tico tenga una enfermedad debe hacerse anÃÆ' ¡lisis para evitar la cetoacetosis. Las complicaciones crÃÆ' ³nicas que pueden presentar los pacientes diabÃÆ' ©ticos son: la ateroesclerosis y la microangiopatÃÆ' ­a. La ateroesclerosis afecta a los vasos de gran calibre y la microangiopatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica afecta a las arterias mÃÆ' ¡s finas y a los capilares, ademÃÆ' ¡s esta ÃÆ' ºltima es especÃÆ' ­fica para la diabetes, al contrario que la ateroesclerosis que la pueden presentar personas no diabÃÆ' ©ticas.  · Arteriosclerosis: Consiste en un engrosamiento y una rigidez de la pared de los vasos arteriales con lo que provoca una disminuciÃÆ' ³n de la luz arterial. Se produce por una serie de factores, de los cuales se distinguen varios tipos. Los mÃÆ' ¡s importantes son el tabaco, el aumento de colesterol en sangre, el aumento de la tensiÃÆ' ³n arterial (hipertensiÃÆ' ³n arterial) y la obesidad. AsÃÆ' ­, tambiÃÆ' ©n hay otros menos importantes como son la diabetes mellitus, el sedentarismo y el aumento de los triglicÃÆ' ©ridos en la sangre. Un persona diabÃÆ' ©tica debe intentar siempre tener un control de su metabolismo, asÃÆ' ­ si tiene algÃÆ' ºn factor de riesgo debe evitarlo. Para evitar la ateroesclerosis lo fundamental es no fumar y realizar cualquier tipo de ejercicio fÃÆ' ­sico.  · MicroangiopatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica: Esta enfermedad es especÃÆ' ­fica de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 1 y solo le afecta a las arterias mÃÆ' ¡s finas y a los capilares. Dependiendo del ÃÆ' ³rgano al que le afecte provocarÃÆ' ¡ una retinopatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica (si afecta a los ojos), una nefropatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica (si afecta a los riÃÆ' ±ones) y una neuropatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica (si afecta a los nervios). Cuanto mejor es el control de la diabetes menos complicaciones crÃÆ' ³nicas aparecen, con un buen control las complicaciones crÃÆ' ³nicas que se encuentran en una etapa inicial llegan a desaparecer, asÃÆ' ­ como en los pacientes con microangiopatÃÆ' ­a en etapas avanzadas con un buen control se retrasa la progresiÃÆ' ³n de la enfermedad. En la sangre hay agua, cÃÆ' ©lulas, proteÃÆ' ­nas y una seria de sustancias que favorecen y retrasan la coagulaciÃÆ' ³n. Entre las cÃÆ' ©lulas destacamos dos: los hematÃÆ' ­es o glÃÆ' ³bulos rojos y las plaquetas. Los hematÃÆ' ­es se encargan de transportar oxÃÆ' ­geno por la sangre a todo el organismo y las plaquetas se encargan de coagular la sangre en casos de heridas Si las plaquetas se unen forman microtrombos, asÃÆ' ­ la diabetes mal controlada induce esta formaciÃÆ' ³n, ÃÆ' ©stos obstruyen los vasos pequeÃÆ' ±os y dejan las zonas sin riego sanguÃÆ' ­neo. Para evitar la formaciÃÆ' ³n de microtrombos es necesario ir al endocrino, ÃÆ' ©ste le recomienda a algunos pacientes que tomen medicamentos como la aspirina, tambiÃÆ' ©n otros como el trifusal Los hematÃÆ' ­es transportan oxÃÆ' ­geno por la sangre hacia todo el organismo, cuando ÃÆ' ©stos van por los vasos de gran tamaÃÆ' ±o los hematÃÆ' ­es son redondos y circulan libremente pero sin embargo, cuando llegan a los vasos mÃÆ' ¡s finos deben alargarse para circular mejor. Si la diabetes estÃÆ' ¡ mal controlada, los hematÃÆ' ­es pierden esta capacidad de alargarse y poder pasar por los vasos mÃÆ' ¡s finos por lo que no llevan suficiente oxÃÆ' ­geno a las cÃÆ' ©lulas y ÃÆ' ©stas no funcionan bien, hay una sustancia que favorece la deformidad de los hematÃÆ' ­es llamada pentoxifilina. NEFROPATÃÆ'?A DIABÃÆ'†°TICA: Es la afectaciÃÆ' ³n de las arteriolas, pequeÃÆ' ±os vasos y capilares del riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n por la diabetes. El riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n se puede comparar con un colador que permite el paso de sustancias pequeÃÆ' ±as para eliminarlas por la orina. En este colador se va depositando la glucosa unida a proteÃÆ' ­nas que hay en exceso en la sangre, haciendo que este se transforme en otra malla mÃÆ' ¡s grande formada por hilos mÃÆ' ¡s gruesos y separados unos de otros, con lo cual permite el paso de sustancias de mayor tamaÃÆ' ±o. Al aumentar el tamaÃÆ' ±o se pierden mÃÆ' ¡s proteÃÆ' ­nas, a esta pÃÆ' ©rdida de proteÃÆ' ­nas se le llama proteinuria. Si la proteÃÆ' ­na que se pierde es la albÃÆ' ºmina se llama albuminuria, la pÃÆ' ©rdida normal de albÃÆ' ºmina a travÃÆ' ©s de la orina es de 30 mg cada hora, si es de 30 a 300 mg se habla de microalbuminuria. La microalbuminuria positiva es un dato importante por varias razones: indica que la diabetes a afectado al riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n, es positiva varios aÃÆ' ±os antes de que aumente la urea en el paciente, ademÃÆ' ¡s es importante saber que un buen control de la diabetes disminuye e incluso en muchas ocasiones desaparece la microalbuminuria. RETINOPATÃÆ'?A DIABÃÆ'†°TICA: La retina es la parte del ojo donde se forma la imagen de lo que estamos viendo, se produce igual que veÃÆ' ­amos en el riÃÆ' ±ÃƒÆ' ³n, por el depÃÆ' ³sito de glucosa unida a proteÃÆ' ­nas en la membrana basal de los capilares de la retina. En primer lugar, se produce un engrosamiento de la membrana basal, mÃÆ' ¡s adelante evoluciona hacia una dilataciÃÆ' ³n de los capilares, esto recibe el nombre de microaneurismas. En esta etapa de la enfermedad un buen control de la diabetes puede hacer que se estabilice incluso que se mejore. Si la diabetes no se controla bien, las membranas basales aumentan de tamaÃÆ' ±o y se harÃÆ' ¡n mÃÆ' ¡s permeables, por lo que permite el paso de sustancias que hay en la sangre como proteÃÆ' ­nas o grasas que llegarÃÆ' ¡n a la retina y darÃÆ' ¡n lugar a los exudados duros. Si la retinopatÃÆ' ­a sigue avanzando por el mal control diabÃÆ' ©tico los capilares que se habÃÆ' ­an engrosado dejan el paso a las cÃÆ' ©lulas de la sangre, los glÃÆ' ³bulos rojos, los cuales dan lugar a las hemorragias en la retina y mÃÆ' ¡s adelante obstruirÃÆ' ¡n a los capilares. Al obstruirse los capilares hay zonas en que no llega sangre forman los llamados exuados algodonosos. Si no se sigue con un control de la diabetes y los tratamientos adecuados no se llevan a cabo se llega a la formaciÃÆ' ³n de nuevos vasos y provoca la retinopatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica proliferativa. La hipoglucemia es muy perjudicial para la retinopatÃÆ' ­a porque la retina estÃÆ' ¡ formada por cÃÆ' ©lulas que necesitan de glucosa y oxÃÆ' ­geno para desarrollar sus funciones. En el caso de hipoglucemia, el organismo intenta mantener el aporte suficiente de glucosa en las cÃÆ' ©lulas de la retina, para ello envÃÆ' ­a mÃÆ' ¡s sangre aumentando el flujo sanguÃÆ' ­neo hasta un 30 % mÃÆ' ¡s. Si los vasos de la retina estÃÆ' ¡n afectados ( han engrosado sus paredes y tienen un aumento de permeabilidad) al aumentar el flujo sanguÃÆ' ­neo se eleva la presiÃÆ' ³n dentro de ellos, con lo que los lÃÆ' ­pidos y los hematÃÆ' ­es traspasan las paredes y se salen aumentando los exudados y las hemorragias. NEUROPATÃÆ'?A DIABÃÆ'†°TICA: Aparece cuando la diabetes afecta a los nervios, puede verse afectado cualquier nervio pero sobre todo se da lugar en las piernas y en los pies donde se localiza la neuropatÃÆ' ­a perifÃÆ' ©rica, asÃÆ' ­ como los del pene (nervios pudendos) cuya afectaciÃÆ' ³n origina impotencia. La enfermedad se mejora con un buen control de la diabetes asÃÆ' ­ tambiÃÆ' ©n existen medicamentos que hacen desaparecer el dolor . NeuropatÃÆ' ­a diabÃÆ' ©tica perifÃÆ' ©rica: Tiene lugar cuando la diabetes afecta a los nervios de las piernas y de los pies, presenta los siguientes sÃÆ' ­ntomas: SensaciÃÆ' ³n de hormigueo en los pies y piernas. PÃÆ' ©rdida de sensibilidad en los pies. Dolor intenso de piernas y pies. Cuando la diabetes afecta a los nervios del pene se origina impotencia, esto se refiere a la incapacidad del varÃÆ' ³n para desarrollar erecciones, para que se produzca una erecciÃÆ' ³n es necesario que los nervios partan del centro de la mÃÆ' ©dula espinal y los nervios autÃÆ' ³nomos del pene estÃÆ' ©n intactos, que los tejidos erÃÆ' ©ctiles sean normales y que haya un flujo correcto de sangre. El pene estÃÆ' ¡ constituido por dos partes, un conducto llamado uretra por el cual circula el semen y la orina sin llegar a juntarse, y por otros conductos situados alrededor de la uretra que son: dos cuerpos cavernosos y un cuerpo esponjoso. La neuropatÃÆ' ­a afecta a los nervios de tal manera que no permite que los impulsos nerviosos se transmitan, por tanto las vÃÆ' ¡lvulas no se abren e impiden que los cuerpos esponjosos y cavernosos del pene se llenen de sangre impidiendo la erecciÃÆ' ³n. Esto se puede solucionar en su mayor parte con un buen control de la diabetes, aunque tambiÃÆ' ©n existen medicamentos como unas inyecciones de sustancias vasoactivas y la viagra. En los cuerpos cavernosos hay un mÃÆ' ºsculo que es necesario relajarlo para dejar entrar la sangre y se produzca la erecciÃÆ' ³n, esto lo hace posible la viagra. SITUACIONES ESPECIALES DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS DE TIPO 1. Los paciente de diabetes deben tener precauciones ante determinadas situaciones, en estos casos deben tener un buen control de su diabetes mediante continuos anÃÆ' ¡lisis de sangre porque la insulina se descontrola produciendo un mal efecto: ÃÆ'ËÅ" Infecciones. ÃÆ'ËÅ" EstrÃÆ' ©s. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Problemas bucales. ÃÆ'ËÅ" CirugÃÆ' ­as. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Viajes, sobre todos los viajes intercontinentales en el cual el desfase horario descontrola aun mÃÆ' ¡s los efectos de la insulina. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Embarazo, las diabÃÆ' ©ticas embarazadas deben de seguir un control en su metabolismo para ello deben de ingerir el alimento adecuado e inyectarse la dosis de insulina adecuada, asÃÆ' ­ deben de hacer ejercicio regular. ETIOPATOGENIA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS DE TIPO 1. Las personas tienen en su organismo un mecanismo de defensa, de tal manera que cuando un agente extraÃÆ' ±o, virus o bacteria entra en su organismo este mecanismo de defensa lo identifica y lo destruye mediante la actuaciÃÆ' ³n directa de leucocitos o mediante una serie de sustancias quÃÆ' ­micas, los linfocitos. Este conjunto recibe el nombre de sistema inmunolÃÆ' ³gico. El sistema tiene informaciÃÆ' ³n de todo el organismo e identifica a todos los ÃÆ' ³rganos, cuando los identifica como propios no los ataca pero sin embargo cuando se realiza un trasplante de algÃÆ' ºn ÃÆ' ³rgano ÃÆ' ©ste puede reconocerse como agente extraÃÆ' ±o y el sistema inmunolÃÆ' ³gico lo intenta destruir. Para que esto no tenga lugar, el paciente toma una dosis de un medicamento inmunosupresor, ademÃÆ' ¡s estos fÃÆ' ¡rmacos se toman en casos de que la diabetes sea diagnosticada en una fase preclÃÆ' ­nica de la enfermedad en el cual la toma de este medicamento puede bloquear al sistema inmunolÃÆ' ³gico para impedir la producciÃÆ' ³n de los anticuerpos GAD-A e IA2, que destruyen los islotes. El pÃÆ' ¡ncreas es un ÃÆ' ³rgano que se encuentra en la parte abdominal , estÃÆ' ¡ formado por muchas cÃÆ' ©lulas pero las mÃÆ' ¡s importantes son las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ± y las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² que se agrupan formando los islotes de Langerhans, ÃÆ' ©stas ÃÆ' ºltimas son las productoras de insulina y las otras son las productoras de glucagÃÆ' ³n con efecto contrario a la insulina. Hay personas en que una infecciÃÆ' ³n por un virus le ha cambiado sus cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² hasta el punto en que su organismo no las reconoce y las trata como si fueran agentes extraÃÆ' ±os atacÃÆ' ¡ndolas mediante los anticuerpos del sistema inmunolÃÆ' ³gico, dÃÆ' ¡ndose lugar la diabetes. El motivo por el cual el virus modifica a las cÃÆ' ©lulas del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas se desconoce, solo se puede afirmar que esto es hereditario. SISTEMAS DE INFUSIÃÆ'â€Å"N DE INSULINA. El pÃÆ' ¡ncreas es el ÃÆ' ³rgano que libera insulina despuÃÆ' ©s de cada comida para mantener los niveles de glucosa en sangre constantes. En los pacientes diabÃÆ' ©ticos esto no tiene lugar, bien porque las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² pancreÃÆ' ¡ticas no liberan insulina o bien porque no pueden cumplir su funciÃÆ' ³n. Para eso se investigan posibles soluciones: o PÃÆ' ¡ncreas artificial: Consiste en el bombeo de sangre desde una vena perifÃÆ' ©rica del paciente a una mÃÆ' ¡quina donde se miden y controlan los niveles de glucosa en sangre. o Bomba de infusiÃÆ' ³n de insulina: Consiste en un dispositivo con un depÃÆ' ³sito de insulina rÃÆ' ¡pida, un dispositivo hace avanzar el ÃÆ' ©mbolo de la jeringuilla para asÃÆ' ­ pinchar la piel. Se puede programar la bomba de insulina para que la inyecte cada hora, ademÃÆ' ¡s tiene un dispositivo para ordenar la cantidad de insulina que queramos inyectar. El fin de la bomba de insulina es simular la secreciÃÆ' ³n del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas de una persona no diabÃÆ' ©tica. Este sistema puede provocar situaciones especiales como son la hipoglucemia y la hiperglucemia TRANSTORNOS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO ALIMENTICIO Y DIABETES. Cuando los enfermos de diabetes tienen trastornos alimenticios, la enfermedad se descontrola y son muy frecuentes las hipoglucemias y las hiperglucemias. Dietas inadecuadas para la diabetes: Dieta hÃÆ' ­drica: La dieta se basa en beber agua y complejos de vitaminas y minerales, con esta dieta es con la que mÃÆ' ¡s peso se pierde debido a que no ingerimos las calorÃÆ' ­as necesarias. El efecto en las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 serÃÆ' ¡ semejante a los efectos en las personas no diabÃÆ' ©ticas pero con la enfermedad estos sÃÆ' ­ntomas se incrementan con la posibilidad de tener ataques de hipoglucemias y cetoacidosis debido a que es muy difÃÆ' ­cil controlar las dosis de insulina. Dieta rica en grasas y muy pobre en hidratos de carbono: Es conocida como la dieta del profesor Atkins, el cuerpo humano precisa hidratos de carbono para obtener energÃÆ' ­a, el cerebro necesita 100 gramos de glucosa y si no lo obtienen a partir de los alimentos lo obtienen partir de las proteÃÆ' ­nas, una dieta pobre en hidratos de carbono obliga a quemar proteÃÆ' ­nas y no es beneficioso para el organismo; el organismo puede obtener energÃÆ' ­a quemando grasas pero ademÃÆ' ¡s obtenemos un producto perjudicial para el organismo, la acetona. Esta dieta provoca sÃÆ' ­ntomas parecidos a los que presentan las personas no diabÃÆ' ©ticas, pero los sÃÆ' ­ntomas aumentan al no saber la dosis de insulina que se necesita inyectarse. Al no tomar hidratos de carbonos o tomar muy pocos, el riesgo de tener hipoglucemia es alto y si la cantidad de insulina no es suficiente se quemarÃÆ' ¡ grasas produciendo acetona y dando lugar a una cetoacidosis diabÃÆ' ©tica con vÃÆ' ³mitos. Dieta disociada: El organismo ademÃÆ' ¡s de obtener energÃÆ' ­a a partir de las grasas y de los hidratos de carbono tambiÃÆ' ©n es capaz de producir energÃÆ' ­a mediante las proteÃÆ' ­nas. La dieta disociada consiste en no tomar alimentos que contengan hidratos de carbono y proteÃÆ' ­nas a la vez. En realidad, esta dieta es la menos peligrosa debido a que el organismo recibe hidratos de carbonos. Sopa quitagrasas. Dieta clÃÆ' ­nica de Mayo: Se trata de una dieta hipocalÃÆ' ³rica( 800 calorÃÆ' ­as) esto se consigue a base de fruta, verdura, poca carne y poco aceite; en este caso la dosis de insulina es muy difÃÆ' ­cil de ajustar. Dieta Hollywood: Se trata de una dieta con pocos hidratos de carbono que ademÃÆ' ¡s no llega a las 1000 calorÃÆ' ­as y en que el 90% de la energÃÆ' ­a procede de las proteÃÆ' ­nas. Dieta macrobiÃÆ' ³tica: Es una forma extrema de vegetarianismo, asÃÆ' ­ los alimentos se clasifican en dos categorÃÆ' ­as: los alimentos yin (pasivos) y los alimentos yang (activos). Dieta adecuada para la diabetes: Si una persona con diabetes de tipo 1 quiere perder peso debe hacer una dieta equilibrada que contenga entre un 50- 55% de hidratos de carbonos, de un 15-20% de proteÃÆ' ­nas y de un 30% de grasas. La dieta debe ser hipocalÃÆ' ³rica y debe de hacerse un ejercicio regular diario, ademÃÆ' ¡s la dieta debe contar con 1400 calorÃÆ' ­as y se debe tener claro que no se debe bajar el peso rÃÆ' ¡pidamente sino que ÃÆ' ©ste debe hacerse lentamente con un control regulado de la enfermedad. DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2: CAUSAS DE SU INICIO Y CONSECUENCIAS. Este tipo de diabetes abarca al 90% de las personas afectadas, es mÃÆ' ¡s frecuente en personas mayores, aunque tambiÃÆ' ©n se presenta en niÃÆ' ±os y adolescentes ademÃÆ' ¡s de personas con problemas de sobrepeso, se suele diagnosticar a partir de los 30 aÃÆ' ±os. En este caso, las cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² pancreÃÆ' ¡ticas sÃÆ' ­ que segregan insulina, incluso a veces en exceso pero no puede cumplir su funciÃÆ' ³n. La glucosa entra en las cÃÆ' ©lulas a travÃÆ' ©s de una interacciÃÆ' ³n entre la insulina y los receptores de insulina que se encuentran en las cÃÆ' ©lulas, en el diabÃÆ' ©tico de tipo 2 ÃÆ' ©stos estos receptores no funcionan por lo que la insulina no cumple su funciÃÆ' ³n (entrar en la cÃÆ' ©lula). El tratamiento para este tipo de diabÃÆ' ©ticos no serÃÆ' ­a inyectar insulina (pues ya tienen) sino que serÃÆ' ­a arreglar los receptores de insulina, esto se puede conseguir con una dieta y ejercicio, si el tratamiento va bien los niveles de glucosa en sangre se regulan y desaparece la diabetes. A veces, no es suficiente con una dieta y ejercicio sino que hay que tomar unos comprimidos llamados antidiabÃÆ' ©ticos orales. En este tipo de diabetes el pÃÆ' ¡ncreas segrega insulina, sin embargo ÃÆ' ©ste puede cansarse y dejar de producirla (hace un esfuerzo para nada, debido a que la insulina segregada no cumple su funciÃÆ' ³n) y la diabetes de tipo 2 se puede convertir en una diabetes de tipo 1. TRATAMIENTO DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2: Es muy similar al tratamiento de la diabetes de tipo 1, este se basa en: o Dieta. o Ejercicio. o Regularidad. o Autocontrol. o EducaciÃÆ' ³n diabetolÃÆ' ³gica. o AntidiabÃÆ' ©ticos orales, distinguimos en varios grupos: FÃÆ' ¡rmacos que mejoran la acciÃÆ' ³n de la insulina: biguanidas y tiazolidinadionas o glitazonas. FÃÆ' ¡rmacos que extraen la insulina del pÃÆ' ¡ncreas: sulfonilureas y replaguinida. FÃÆ' ¡rmacos que retrasan la absorciÃÆ' ³n de los hidratos de carbonos: acarbosa, miglitol y goma guar. o Insulina en algunos casos. VARIEDADES DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS DE TIPO 2. La diabetes de tipo dos se puede expresar de diferentes formas y para cada una de ellas el tratamiento serÃÆ' ­a diferente, encontramos: Pacientes obesos: producen insulina en exceso pero no tiene efecto. Su tratamiento es la insulina lantus en que el paciente debe determinarla de forma individual, aunque antes de ello debe llevar a cabo una dieta y ejercicio correcto. Pacientes no obesos: su caracterÃÆ' ­stica fundamental es que sus cÃÆ' ©lulas ÃŽÂ ² estÃÆ' ¡n alteradas y no producen insulina suficiente. El tratamiento para ellos serÃÆ' ­a una dieta y ejercicio correcto. Diabetes tipo 2 con aumento excesivo de la glucosa despuÃÆ' ©s de las comidas. Diabetes tipo 1 que se presenta a partir de los 40 aÃÆ' ±os. COMPLICACIONES DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS DE TIPO 2. Pueden darse dos tipos de complicaciones: complicaciones agudas y complicaciones crÃÆ' ³nicas. o Complicaciones agudas: son la hipoglucemia, la hiperglucemia y el coma hiperosmolar. o Complicaciones crÃÆ' ³nicas: son igual que en la diabetes de tipo 1 la arterioesclerosis y la microangiopatÃÆ' ­a. BIBLIOGRAFÃÆ'?A Libro prÃÆ' ¡ctico de la diabetes, Juan Madrid Conesa. GuÃÆ' ­a para personas con diabetes y sus cuidadores, consejerÃÆ' ­a de salud. La diabetes, ElÃÆ' ­as Segura. https://www.saludalia.com/Saludalia/web_saludalia/vivir_sano/doc/ejercicio/doc/diabetes_mellitus.htm https://www.botanical-online.com/medicinalsdietadiabetes.htm https://www.geosalud.com/diabetesmellitus/diabetes.htm https://www.uned.es/pea-nutricion-y-dietetica-I/guia/diabetes/que_es.htm